Book•
An Introduction to Fire Dynamics
29 Dec 1998-
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the physical chemistry of combustion in fire and discuss the physical properties of fire and its application in a wide range of applications in fire science and combustion.
Abstract: Machine generated contents note: About the AuthorPreface to the Second EditionPreface to the Third EditionList of Symbols and Abbreviations1 Fire science and combustion 1.1 Fuels and the Combustion Process 1.2 The Physical Chemistry of Combustion in Fires Problems2 Heat transfer 2.1 Summary of the heat transfer equations 2.2 Conduction 2.3 Convection 2.4 Radiation Problems3 Limits of flammability and premixed flames 3.1 Limits of flammability 3.2 The structure of a premixed flame 3.3 Heat losses from premixed flames 3.4 Measurement of burning velocities 3.5 Variation of burning velocity with experimental parameters 3.6 The effect of turbulence Problems4 Diffusion flames and fire plumes 4.1 Laminar jet flames 4.2 Turbulent jet flames 4.3 Flames from natural fires 4.4 Some practical applications Problems5 Steady burning of liquids and solids 5.1 Burning of liquids 5.2 Burning of solids Problems6 Ignition: The initiation of flaming combustion 6.1 Ignition of^
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explain why heat release rate is, in fact, the single most important variable in characterizing the "flammability" of products and their consequent fire hazard.
781 citations
01 Jan 2007
636 citations
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: This guide provides the theoretical basis for the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and a summary of the work performed to evaluate the model, and a survey of work conducted to date to evaluate FDS.
Abstract: Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. Preface The use of fire models currently extends beyond the fire research laboratories and into the engineering, fire service and legal communities. Surveys [1, 2] of available fire models show a significant increase in number over the last decade. Sufficient evaluation of any model is necessary to ensure that users can judge the adequacy of its technical basis, appropriateness of its use, and confidence level of its predictions. This document provides the theoretical basis for the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and a summary of the work performed to evaluate the model. This guide is based in part on the " Standard Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of De-terministic Fire Models, " ASTM E 1355 [3]. ASTM E 1355 defines model evaluation as " the process of quantifying the accuracy of chosen results from a model when applied for a specific use. " The model evaluation process consists of two main components: verification and validation. Verification is a process to check the correctness of the solution of the governing equations. Verification does not imply that the governing equations are appropriate; only that the equations are being solved correctly. Validation is a process to determine the appropriateness of the governing equations as a mathematical model of the physical phenomena of interest. Typically, validation involves comparing model results with experimental measurement. Differences that cannot be explained in terms of numerical errors in the model or uncertainty in the measurements are attributed to the assumptions and simplifications of the physical model. Evaluation is critical to establishing both the acceptable uses and limitations of a model. Throughout its development, FDS has undergone various forms of evaluation, both at NIST and beyond. This guide provides a survey of work conducted to date to evaluate FDS. Roughly half of the referenced studies were aimed primarily at model evaluation, the other half describe limited work to validate FDS for a specific use. The latter group were performed mostly by practicing engineers who did not have the time or resources to comprehensively evaluate the model. Collectively, the body …
618 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the development of the chemistry underlying most of today's successful and durable flame retardant treatments for fibres and textiles for cellulosic textiles is presented.
469 citations