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Journal ArticleDOI

An introduction to millimeter-wave mobile broadband systems

Zhouyue Pi1, Farooq Khan1
07 Jun 2011-IEEE Communications Magazine (IEEE)-Vol. 49, Iss: 6, pp 101-107
TL;DR: This article introduces a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system and demonstrates the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment.
Abstract: Almost all mobile communication systems today use spectrum in the range of 300 MHz-3 GHz. In this article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz spectrum for mobile broadband applications. We discuss propagation and device technology challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile communication. We introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system. We demonstrate the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment. A few key concepts in MMB network architecture such as the MMB base station grid, MMB interBS backhaul link, and a hybrid MMB + 4G system are described. We also discuss beamforming techniques and the frame structure of the MMB air interface.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper discusses all of these topics, identifying key challenges for future research and preliminary 5G standardization activities, while providing a comprehensive overview of the current literature, and in particular of the papers appearing in this special issue.
Abstract: What will 5G be? What it will not be is an incremental advance on 4G. The previous four generations of cellular technology have each been a major paradigm shift that has broken backward compatibility. Indeed, 5G will need to be a paradigm shift that includes very high carrier frequencies with massive bandwidths, extreme base station and device densities, and unprecedented numbers of antennas. However, unlike the previous four generations, it will also be highly integrative: tying any new 5G air interface and spectrum together with LTE and WiFi to provide universal high-rate coverage and a seamless user experience. To support this, the core network will also have to reach unprecedented levels of flexibility and intelligence, spectrum regulation will need to be rethought and improved, and energy and cost efficiencies will become even more critical considerations. This paper discusses all of these topics, identifying key challenges for future research and preliminary 5G standardization activities, while providing a comprehensive overview of the current literature, and in particular of the papers appearing in this special issue.

7,139 citations


Cites background from "An introduction to millimeter-wave ..."

  • ...In this section, we discuss important ongoing research areas that support these requirements....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.

6,708 citations


Cites background from "An introduction to millimeter-wave ..."

  • ...INTRODUCTION The rapid increase of mobile data growth and the use of smartphones are creating unprecedented challenges for wireless service providers to overcome a global bandwidth shortage [1], [2]....

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  • ...6 GHz radio spectrum bands for wireless communications [2]....

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  • ...With an evolution from fixed broadband to mobile broadband, more converged, personalized, convenient and seamless secure services will be achieved, and Samsung has recently made contributions in the area of mm-wave wireless [2], [12]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications.
Abstract: New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain.

3,711 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper considers transmit precoding and receiver combining in mmWave systems with large antenna arrays and develops algorithms that accurately approximate optimal unconstrained precoders and combiners such that they can be implemented in low-cost RF hardware.
Abstract: Millimeter wave (mmWave) signals experience orders-of-magnitude more pathloss than the microwave signals currently used in most wireless applications and all cellular systems. MmWave systems must therefore leverage large antenna arrays, made possible by the decrease in wavelength, to combat pathloss with beamforming gain. Beamforming with multiple data streams, known as precoding, can be used to further improve mmWave spectral efficiency. Both beamforming and precoding are done digitally at baseband in traditional multi-antenna systems. The high cost and power consumption of mixed-signal devices in mmWave systems, however, make analog processing in the RF domain more attractive. This hardware limitation restricts the feasible set of precoders and combiners that can be applied by practical mmWave transceivers. In this paper, we consider transmit precoding and receiver combining in mmWave systems with large antenna arrays. We exploit the spatial structure of mmWave channels to formulate the precoding/combining problem as a sparse reconstruction problem. Using the principle of basis pursuit, we develop algorithms that accurately approximate optimal unconstrained precoders and combiners such that they can be implemented in low-cost RF hardware. We present numerical results on the performance of the proposed algorithms and show that they allow mmWave systems to approach their unconstrained performance limits, even when transceiver hardware constraints are considered.

3,146 citations


Cites background or methods from "An introduction to millimeter-wave ..."

  • ...Since outdoor deployments are likely to use sectorized transmitters to decrease interference and increase beamforming gain, we consider arrays of directional antenna elements with a response given in (5) [8], [9]....

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  • ...More recently, advances in mmWave hardware [7] and the potential availability of spectrum has encouraged the wireless industry to consider mmWave for the access link in outdoor cellular systems [8], [9]....

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  • ...The transmitter’s sector angle is assumed to be 60◦-wide in the azimuth domain and 20◦-wide in elevation [8]....

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  • ...We consider single-user precoding for a practical transceiver architecture in which a large antenna array is driven by a limited number of transmit/receive chains [8], [10], [11], [32]....

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  • ...Analog precoding is often implemented using phase shifters [7], [8], [12] which places constant modulus constraints on the elements of the RF precoder....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This survey makes an exhaustive review of wireless evolution toward 5G networks, including the new architectural changes associated with the radio access network (RAN) design, including air interfaces, smart antennas, cloud and heterogeneous RAN, and underlying novel mm-wave physical layer technologies.
Abstract: The vision of next generation 5G wireless communications lies in providing very high data rates (typically of Gbps order), extremely low latency, manifold increase in base station capacity, and significant improvement in users’ perceived quality of service (QoS), compared to current 4G LTE networks. Ever increasing proliferation of smart devices, introduction of new emerging multimedia applications, together with an exponential rise in wireless data (multimedia) demand and usage is already creating a significant burden on existing cellular networks. 5G wireless systems, with improved data rates, capacity, latency, and QoS are expected to be the panacea of most of the current cellular networks’ problems. In this survey, we make an exhaustive review of wireless evolution toward 5G networks. We first discuss the new architectural changes associated with the radio access network (RAN) design, including air interfaces, smart antennas, cloud and heterogeneous RAN. Subsequently, we make an in-depth survey of underlying novel mm-wave physical layer technologies, encompassing new channel model estimation, directional antenna design, beamforming algorithms, and massive MIMO technologies. Next, the details of MAC layer protocols and multiplexing schemes needed to efficiently support this new physical layer are discussed. We also look into the killer applications, considered as the major driving force behind 5G. In order to understand the improved user experience, we provide highlights of new QoS, QoE, and SON features associated with the 5G evolution. For alleviating the increased network energy consumption and operating expenditure, we make a detail review on energy awareness and cost efficiency. As understanding the current status of 5G implementation is important for its eventual commercialization, we also discuss relevant field trials, drive tests, and simulation experiments. Finally, we point out major existing research issues and identify possible future research directions.

2,624 citations


Cites background or methods from "An introduction to millimeter-wave ..."

  • ...Highly directional radiation patterns could be secured by using adaptive beamforming techniques, resulting in the introduction of Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) [33]....

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  • ...Moreover, reduced angular spread in narrow beam transmissions, inherent to mm-wave propagation, further reduces Doppler spread [8], [33]....

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  • ...Research works [33], [67] related to free space loss show that for the same antenna aperture...

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  • ...The proposed analysis is based on Markov Chain model of multiuser SDMA....

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  • ...72 MHz frequency and its multiples a good choice for sampling rate selection [33]....

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References
More filters
Book
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: The most up-to-date resource available on antenna theory and design as mentioned in this paper provides an extended coverage of ABET design procedures and equations making meeting ABET requirements easy and preparing readers for authentic situations in industry.
Abstract: The most-up-to-date resource available on antenna theory and design Expanded coverage of design procedures and equations makes meeting ABET design requirements easy and prepares readers for authentic situations in industry New coverage of microstrip antennas exposes readers to information vital to a wide variety of practical applicationsComputer programs at end of each chapter and the accompanying disk assist in problem solving, design projects and data plotting-- Includes updated material on moment methods, radar cross section, mutual impedances, aperture and horn antennas, and antenna measurements-- Outstanding 3-dimensional illustrations help readers visualize the entire antenna radiation pattern

14,065 citations

01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: The most up-to-date resource available on antenna theory and design is the IEEE 802.11 as mentioned in this paper, which provides detailed coverage of ABET design procedures and equations, making meeting ABET requirements easy and preparing readers for authentic situations in industry.
Abstract: The most-up-to-date resource available on antenna theory and design. Expanded coverage of design procedures and equations makes meeting ABET design requirements easy and prepares readers for authentic situations in industry. New coverage of microstrip antennas exposes readers to information vital to a wide variety of practical applications.Computer programs at end of each chapter and the accompanying disk assist in problem solving, design projects and data plotting.-- Includes updated material on moment methods, radar cross section, mutual impedances, aperture and horn antennas, and antenna measurements.-- Outstanding 3-dimensional illustrations help readers visualize the entire antenna radiation pattern.

2,907 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
03 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of parasitics on the high-frequency performance of 130-nm CMOS transistors are investigated, and a peak f/sub max/ of 135 GHz has been achieved with optimal device layout.
Abstract: This paper describes the design and modeling of CMOS transistors, integrated passives, and circuit blocks at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies. The effects of parasitics on the high-frequency performance of 130-nm CMOS transistors are investigated, and a peak f/sub max/ of 135 GHz has been achieved with optimal device layout. The inductive quality factor (Q/sub L/) is proposed as a more representative metric for transmission lines, and for a standard CMOS back-end process, coplanar waveguide (CPW) lines are determined to possess a higher Q/sub L/ than microstrip lines. Techniques for accurate modeling of active and passive components at mm-wave frequencies are presented. The proposed methodology was used to design two wideband mm-wave CMOS amplifiers operating at 40 GHz and 60 GHz. The 40-GHz amplifier achieves a peak |S/sub 21/| = 19 dB, output P/sub 1dB/ = -0.9 dBm, IIP3 = -7.4 dBm, and consumes 24 mA from a 1.5-V supply. The 60-GHz amplifier achieves a peak |S/sub 21/| = 12 dB, output P/sub 1dB/ = +2.0 dBm, NF = 8.8 dB, and consumes 36 mA from a 1.5-V supply. The amplifiers were fabricated in a standard 130-nm 6-metal layer bulk-CMOS process, demonstrating that complex mm-wave circuits are possible in today's mainstream CMOS technologies.

736 citations


"An introduction to millimeter-wave ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Much of the engineering efforts have been invested in developing more powerefficient 60 GHz RFICs [ 3 ]....

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Book
Farooq Khan1
01 Mar 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a practical and valuable guide to the new technologies of the LTE standard and how they contribute to improvements in system performance with the help of an expert who was intimately involved in drafting the standard.
Abstract: Do you need to get up to speed quickly on LTE? Understand the new technologies of the LTE standard and how they contribute to improvements in system performance with this practical and valuable guide, written by an expert on LTE who was intimately involved in drafting the standard. In addition to a strong grounding in the technical details, you'll also get fascinating insights into why particular technologies were chosen in the development process. Core topics covered include: Network architecture and protocols OFDMA downlink access Low-PAPR SC-FDMA uplink access Transmit diversity and MIMO spatial multiplexing Channel structure and bandwidths Cell search, reference signals and random access Turbo coding with contention-free interleaver Scheduling, link adaptation, hybrid ARQ and power control Uplink and downlink physical control signaling Inter-cell interference mitigation techniques Single-frequency network (SFN) broadcast MIMO spatial channel model Evaluation methodology and system performance With extensive references, a useful discussion of technologies that were not included in the standard, and end-of-chapter summaries that emphasize all the key points, this book is an essential resource for practitioners in the mobile cellular communications industry and for graduate students studying advanced wireless communications.

514 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The characteristics of millimeter wave propagation, including free space propagation and the effects of various physical factors on propagation, are reviewed in this article, where the authors show that these characteristics are not necessarily disadvantageous and that they can permit more densely packed communications links, thus providing very efficient spectrum utilization, and they can increase security of communication transmissions.
Abstract: The millimeter wave spectrum at 30-300 GHz is of increasing interest to service providers and systems designers because of the wide bandwidths available for carrying communications at this frequency range Such wide bandwidths are valuable in supporting applications such as high speed data transmission and video distribution Planning for millimeter wave spectrum use must take into account the propagation characteristics of radio signals at this frequency range While signals at lower frequency bands can propagate for many miles and penetrate more easily through buildings, millimeter wave signals can travel only a few miles or less and do not penetrate solid materials very well However, these characteristics of millimeter wave propagation are not necessarily disadvantageous Millimeter waves can permit more densely packed communications links, thus providing very efficient spectrum utilization, and they can increase security of communication transmissions This article reviews characteristics of millimeter wave propagation, including free space propagation and the effects of various physical factors on propagation

400 citations