An introduction to structural health monitoring
15 Feb 2007-Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A (Springer, Vienna)-Vol. 365, Iss: 1851, pp 303-315
TL;DR: Technical challenges that must be addressed if SHM is to gain wider application are discussed in a general manner and the historical overview and summarizing the SPR paradigm are provided.
Abstract: This introduction begins with a brief history of SHM technology development. Recent research has begun to recognise that a productive approach to the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) problem is to regard it as one of statistical pattern recognition (SPR); a paradigm addressing the problem in such a way is described in detail herein as it forms the basis for the organisation of this book. In the process of providing the historical overview and summarising the SPR paradigm, the subsequent chapters in this book are cited in an effort to show how they fit into this overview of SHM. In the conclusions are stated a number of technical challenges that the authors believe must be addressed if SHM is to gain wider acceptance.
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TL;DR: This review focuses on the advances of IRT as a non-contact and non-invasive condition monitoring tool for machineries, equipment and processes.
Abstract: Temperature is one of the most common indicators of the structural health of equipment and components. Faulty machineries, corroded electrical connections, damaged material components, etc., can cause abnormal temperature distribution. By now, infrared thermography (IRT) has become a matured and widely accepted condition monitoring tool where the temperature is measured in real time in a non-contact manner. IRT enables early detection of equipment flaws and faulty industrial processes under operating condition thereby, reducing system down time, catastrophic breakdown and maintenance cost. Last three decades witnessed a steady growth in the use of IRT as a condition monitoring technique in civil structures, electrical installations, machineries and equipment, material deformation under various loading conditions, corrosion damages and welding processes. IRT has also found its application in nuclear, aerospace, food, paper, wood and plastic industries. With the advent of newer generations of infrared camera, IRT is becoming a more accurate, reliable and cost effective technique. This review focuses on the advances of IRT as a non-contact and non-invasive condition monitoring tool for machineries, equipment and processes. Various conditions monitoring applications are discussed in details, along with some basics of IRT, experimental procedures and data analysis techniques. Sufficient background information is also provided for the beginners and non-experts for easy understanding of the subject.
697 citations
Cites background from "An introduction to structural healt..."
...For aerospace, civil and mechanical engineering infrastructure industries, the process of implementing a damage identification strategy for condition monitoring is known as structural health monitoring (SHM) where damages are defined as changes to the material and geometric properties [2]....
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TL;DR: Data normalization is a procedure to normalize datasets, so that signal changes caused by operational and environmental variations of the system can be separated from structural changes of interest, such as structural deterioration or degradation.
Abstract: Stated in its most basic form, the objective of structural health monitoring is to ascertain if damage is present or not based on measured dynamic or static characteristics of a system to be monitored. In reality, structures are subject to changing environmental and operational conditions that affect measured signals, and these ambient variations of the system can often mask subtle changes in the system’s vibration signal caused by damage. Data normalization is a procedure to normalize datasets, so that signal changes caused by operational and environmental variations of the system can be separated from structural changes of interest, such as structural deterioration or degradation. This paper first reviews the effects of environmental and operational variations on real structures as reported in the literature. Then, this paper presents research progresses that have been made in the area of data normalization.
685 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a state-of-the-art review of guided wave based structural health monitoring (SHM) and highlight the future directions and open areas of research in guided wave-based SHM.
Abstract: The paper provides a state of the art review of guided wave based structural health monitoring (SHM). First, the fundamental concepts of guided wave propagation and its implementation for SHM is explained. Following sections present the different modeling schemes adopted, developments in the area of transducers for generation, and sensing of wave, signal processing and imaging technique, statistical and machine learning schemes for feature extraction. Next, a section is presented on the recent advancements in nonlinear guided wave for SHM. This is followed by section on Rayleigh and SH waves. Next is a section on real-life implementation of guided wave for industrial problems. The paper, though briefly talks about the early development for completeness,. is primarily focussed on the recent progress made in the last decade. The paper ends by discussing and highlighting the future directions and open areas of research in guided wave based SHM.
664 citations
TL;DR: This paper provides a tutorial introduction, a comprehensive background on this subject and also a forecast of the future of OFS for SHM, including those from the renewable energy, transportation, civil engineering and the oil and gas industry sectors.
Abstract: Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) can be understood as the integration of sensing and intelligence to enable the structure loading and damage-provoking conditions to be recorded, analyzed, localized, and predicted in such a way that nondestructive testing becomes an integral part of them. In addition, SHM systems can include actuation devices to take proper reaction or correction actions. SHM sensing requirements are very well suited for the application of optical fiber sensors (OFS), in particular, to provide integrated, quasi-distributed or fully distributed technologies. In this tutorial, after a brief introduction of the basic SHM concepts, the main fiber optic techniques available for this application are reviewed, emphasizing the four most successful ones. Then, several examples of the use of OFS in real structures are also addressed, including those from the renewable energy, transportation, civil engineering and the oil and gas industry sectors. Finally, the most relevant current technical challenges and the key sector markets are identified. This paper provides a tutorial introduction, a comprehensive background on this subject and also a forecast of the future of OFS for SHM. In addition, some of the challenges to be faced in the near future are addressed.
609 citations
Cites background from "An introduction to structural healt..."
...Most of the current technologies do not entirely fulfill the requirement for reliable early detection of unusual structural characteristics [136]....
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TL;DR: The latest developments related with the improvement of these products are presented by presenting a wide range of laboratory experiments as well as an extended review of their diverse applications in civil engineering structures.
Abstract: The application of structural health monitoring (SHM) systems to civil engineering structures has been a developing studied and practiced topic, that has allowed for a better understanding of structures’ conditions and increasingly lead to a more cost-effective management of those infrastructures In this field, the use of fiber optic sensors has been studied, discussed and practiced with encouraging results The possibility of understanding and monitor the distributed behavior of extensive stretches of critical structures it’s an enormous advantage that distributed fiber optic sensing provides to SHM systems In the past decade, several R & D studies have been performed with the goal of improving the knowledge and developing new techniques associated with the application of distributed optical fiber sensors (DOFS) in order to widen the range of applications of these sensors and also to obtain more correct and reliable data This paper presents, after a brief introduction to the theoretical background of DOFS, the latest developments related with the improvement of these products by presenting a wide range of laboratory experiments as well as an extended review of their diverse applications in civil engineering structures
572 citations
Cites background from "An introduction to structural healt..."
...The act of damage identification has been around probably, in a qualitative manner, since man started to using tools [3]....
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...Damage can be defined as alterations that when introduced into a system will have an adverse effect in its current or future performance [3]....
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References
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Book•
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of statistical process control and capability analysis techniques for improving the quality of a business process in the modern business environment, using a variety of techniques.
Abstract: Quality Improvement in the Modern Business Environment.STAISTICAL METHODS USEFUL IN QUALITY IMPROVEMENT.Modeling Process Quality.Inferences About Process Quality.BASIC METHODS OF STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL AND CAPABILITY ANALYSIS.Methods and Philosophy of Statistical Process Control.Control Charts for Variables.Control Charts for Attributes.Process and Measurement Systems System Capability Analysis.OTHER STATISTICAL PROCESS MONITORING AND CONTROL TECHNIQUES.Cumulative Sum and Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control Charts.Other Univariate SPC Techniques.Multivariate Process Monitoring and Control.Engineering Process Control and SPC.PROCESS DESIGN AND IMPROVEMENT WITH DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS.Factorial and Fractional Factorial Designs for Process Design and Improvement.Process Optimization with Designed Experiments.ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING.Lot--by--Lot Acceptance Sampling for Attributes.Other Acceptance Sampling Techniques.Appendix.Bibliography.Answers to Selected Exercises.Index.
7,312 citations
TL;DR: There are valuable points here; they are, however, generally too hard to find and some of them are undercut by the author’s misguided attempt to be “fair.”
Abstract: (2007). Introduction to Statistical Quality Control. Technometrics: Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 108-109.
3,358 citations
"An introduction to structural healt..." refers background or methods in this paper
...…that include SHM, condition monitoring (CM; Bentley & Hatch 2003), non-destructive evaluation (NDE; Shull 2002), statistical process control (SPC; Montgomery 1997) and damage prognosis (DP; which is summarized within this theme issue in Farrar & Lieven (2007); see also Farrar et al. (2003))....
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...Damage identification is carried out in conjunction with five closely related disciplines that include SHM, condition monitoring (CM; Bentley & Hatch 2003), non-destructive evaluation (NDE; Shull 2002), statistical process control (SPC; Montgomery 1997) and damage prognosis (DP; which is summarized within this theme issue in Farrar & Lieven (2007); see also Farrar et al....
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01 May 1996
TL;DR: A review of the technical literature concerning the detection, location, and characterization of structural damage via techniques that examine changes in measured structural vibration response is presented in this article, where the authors categorize the methods according to required measured data and analysis technique.
Abstract: This report contains a review of the technical literature concerning the detection, location, and characterization of structural damage via techniques that examine changes in measured structural vibration response. The report first categorizes the methods according to required measured data and analysis technique. The analysis categories include changes in modal frequencies, changes in measured mode shapes (and their derivatives), and changes in measured flexibility coefficients. Methods that use property (stiffness, mass, damping) matrix updating, detection of nonlinear response, and damage detection via neural networks are also summarized. The applications of the various methods to different types of engineering problems are categorized by type of structure and are summarized. The types of structures include beams, trusses, plates, shells, bridges, offshore platforms, other large civil structures, aerospace structures, and composite structures. The report describes the development of the damage-identification methods and applications and summarizes the current state-of-the-art of the technology. The critical issues for future research in the area of damage identification are also discussed.
2,916 citations
"An introduction to structural healt..." refers background in this paper
...Specific references are not cited, instead the reader is referred to Doebling et al. (1996), Sohn et al. (2003) and Randall (2004a,b) for more detailed summaries of this subject....
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...In summary, the review of the technical literature presented by Doebling et al. (1996) andSohn et al. (2003) showsan increasingnumber of research studies related to damage identification....
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...Specific references are not cited, instead the reader is referred to Doebling et al. (1996), Sohn et al....
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07 Apr 2002
TL;DR: An updated review covering the years 1996 2001 will summarize the outcome of an updated review of the structural health monitoring literature, finding that although there are many more SHM studies being reported, the investigators, in general, have not yet fully embraced the well-developed tools from statistical pattern recognition.
Abstract: Staff members at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) produced a summary of the structural health monitoring literature in 1995. This presentation will summarize the outcome of an updated review covering the years 1996 2001. The updated review follows the LANL statistical pattern recognition paradigm for SHM, which addresses four topics: 1. Operational Evaluation; 2. Data Acquisition and Cleansing; 3. Feature Extraction; and 4. Statistical Modeling for Feature Discrimination. The literature has been reviewed based on how a particular study addresses these four topics. A significant observation from this review is that although there are many more SHM studies being reported, the investigators, in general, have not yet fully embraced the well-developed tools from statistical pattern recognition. As such, the discrimination procedures employed are often lacking the appropriate rigor necessary for this technology to evolve beyond demonstration problems carried out in laboratory setting.
1,467 citations
"An introduction to structural healt..." refers background in this paper
...Specific references are not cited, instead the reader is referred to Doebling et al. (1996), Sohn et al. (2003) and Randall (2004a,b) for more detailed summaries of this subject....
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01 Jan 1993
955 citations
"An introduction to structural healt..." refers background in this paper
...The damage state of a system can be described as a five-step process along the lines of the process discussed in Rytter (1993) to answer the following questions....
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