An Investigation of the Oil from Amaranthus retroflexus Seeds
About: This article is published in Journal of the American Chemical Society.The article was published on 1941-08-01. It has received 7 citations till now.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a set of 14 selections of four amaranth species were studied, including A. caudatus, A. cruentus and A. hypo-chondriacus.
Abstract: A set of 14 selections of four amaranth species were studied. Six yielded over 10 kg 36 m−2, and three below 5 kg 36 m−2. Grain size varied from 1.55 to 2.14 mm, and seed weight from 0.46 to 1.18 mg seed−1. There was no relationship between seed weight and yield. Protein content varied from 12.5 to 16.0%, while fat varied from 7.7 to 12.8%. The content of P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn was similar among all selections. Trace amounts of C14 fatty acids were found, while C16 acids varied from 16.83 to 23.83% of the oil. The C18:0 fatty acids varied from 1.86 to 4.11%, the C18:1 from 20.29 to 35.46%, while the C18:2 fatty acids varied from 38.25 to 57.86%. Lysine varied from 0.73 to 0.84%, with tryptophan values ranging from 0.18 to 0.28%. Seeds from all selections were processed by hot-water soaking for 20 min followed by drum-drying, for protein quality evaluation.
The three A. caudatus had an average protein efficiency ratio (PER) of 2.45; A. hybridus a PER of 2.34; A. cruentus 2.36 and A. hypo-chondriacus 2.33. Differences were not statistically different. Light and dark coloured seeds had the same average value of 2.36, the study showed important genetic differences in chemical composition.
100 citations
TL;DR: The research effort to bring amaranth back into production and commercial systems is a relatively recent undertaking and support for it is relatively small; however, some significant advances have been made, and recognition of the potential of this crop throughout the world is beginning to grow.
Abstract: In 1966 the National Academy of Sciences held a symposium on the Prospects of World Food Supply, at which Dr. Paul Manglesdorf presented a paper entitled “Genetic Potentials for Increasing Yields of Food Crops and Animals” [1]. Dr. Manglesdorf pointed out that, although humans during the course of their existence have used some 3,000 species of plants, only about 150 of those had entered commercial production. Apart from edible vegetables and fruits, approximately 21 species are today feeding humankind, including eight cereal grains, eight food legumes, two oil-containing food legumes, and three starchy food crops. Significant improvements in production and use have been realized throughout the years of intensive and continuous study by national and international agricultural research institutions. Still, it is recognized that this food base is narrow, and its exclusive use could lead to serious problems if the efforts against disease, insects, and environmental conditions are not continued. Furthermore, an important and vital activity in the effort to improve all these agricultural food crops is collecting their germ plasm as a source of needed genetic variability. The relatively small number of edible grains suggests a need to introduce other food crops into production and commercial systems, and the logical choice would be those that are known to have played an important role in past civilizations and that are still produced and used today to some extent. There are several of these, and one of them is amaranth. Reports by a number of researchers indicate that amaranth was a very important crop in Aztec, Mayan, and Incan civilizations. Current thinking is that its production was significantly reduced as the result of restrictions imposed by the Spanish conquerors due to its association with religious festivities. Today, it is still produced, and foods such as alegría and alboroto are prepared on a small scale in Mexico and Guatemala respectively [2-6]. In Guatemala some native populations consume it as a porridge; however, it is considered a poor man’s food. The leaves, consumed as a vegetable, are highly regarded, and their consumption is widespread throughout many countries. They are an excellent source of carotenes and have a high protein content, and supplement cereal grain efficiently [7, 8]. The research effort to bring amaranth back into production and commercial systems is a relatively recent undertaking. It has been reinforced by the economic support given by the National Academy of Sciences, through its Board on Science and Technology for International Development, to a number of researchers in various parts of the world such as Thailand, Kenya, Mexico, Guatemala, and Peru. In comparison with the funding given to other food crops and with the number of researchers involved, the support for amaranth is relatively small; however, some significant advances have been made, and recognition of the potential of this crop throughout the world is beginning to grow. Expectations for it are great because of its exceptionally high nutritional value [6, 9, 10]. Because of the present availability of high-quality maize, triticale, wing beans, quinua, and the like, the question arises whether amaranth grain will enter into commercial production in the underdeveloped world, where it is most needed. The possibilities are great if integrated research is continued and if the information obtained is disseminated at all levels within a country or region. By integrated research is meant research on all components of the food chain, as well as on their value as vegetable crops and the use of their by-products.
30 citations
Cites background from "An Investigation of the Oil from Am..."
...As indicated, fat content is a major nutritional component in amaranth grain because of the energy it provides and for its fatty acid composition [4, 15, 24, 25]....
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...Other workers, rather than using the whole grain, are studying milling techniques and evaluating such products for the development of a number of food products [20-36]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the vapor−liquid equilibrium (P, T, x, y) for dimethyl ether and 2-methylpropane was measured at 280, 290, 300, 310, and 320 K by the dynamic method with recirculation of the vapor through the liquid phase.
Abstract: The vapor−liquid equilibrium (P, T, x, y) for dimethyl ether and 2-methylpropane was measured at 280, 290, 300, 310, and 320 K by the dynamic method with recirculation of the vapor through the liquid phase. The composition was measured by a gas chromatograph connected “on-line” to the equilibrium cell. The response of a flame ionization detector was calibrated over a wide composition range using mixtures being prepared by mass. The experimental results were reduced by the Carnahan−Starling−De Santis equation of state assuming that its binary interaction parameter was temperature independent. The system is azeotropic with strong positive deviation from Raoult's law.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the vapor pressure data of dimethyl ether (RE170), an ozone-friendly refrigerant, was measured using a constant-volume apparatus and fitted to a Wagner-type equation and an absolute deviation of 0.26 %.
Abstract: The vapor pressure data of dimethyl ether (RE170), an ozone-friendly refrigerant, was measured using a constant-volume apparatus. Measurements were carried out at temperatures from (219 to 361) K and at pressures from (22 to 2622) kPa. A total of 71 experimental points were obtained. The measurements were fitted to a Wagner-type equation and an absolute deviation of 0.26 %. After a literature survey of the saturated pressure experimental findings, our experimental results were compared with the REFPROP 7.0 prediction together with the published data.
12 citations
1 citations