An IoT Architecture for Assessing Road Safety in Smart Cities
TL;DR: A novel, cost-effective Internet of Things (IoT) architecture is introduced that facilitates the realization of a robust and dynamic computational core in assessing the safety of a road network and its elements and a new, meaningful, and scalable metric for assessing road safety.
Abstract: The Safe System (SS) approach to road safety emphasizes safety-by-design through ensuring safe vehicles, road networks, and road users. With a strong motivation from the World Health Organization (WHO), this approach is increasingly adopted worldwide. Considerations in SS, however, are made for the medium-to-long term. Our interest in this work is to complement the approach with a short-to-medium term dynamic assessment of road safety. Toward this end, we introduce a novel, cost-effective Internet of Things (IoT) architecture that facilitates the realization of a robust and dynamic computational core in assessing the safety of a road network and its elements. In doing so, we introduce a new, meaningful, and scalable metric for assessing road safety. We also showcase the use of machine learning in the design of the metric computation core through a novel application of Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). Finally, the impact of the proposed architecture is demonstrated through an application to safety-based route planning.
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02 Jun 2020
TL;DR: This study presents a literature review that elaborates the existing IoT-based smart transportation systems especially in terms of road safety, and offers useful information to researchers for developing safer roads in smart cities.
Abstract: From the beginning of civilizations, transportation has been one of the most important requirements for humans. Over the years, it has been evolved to modern transportation systems such as road, train, and air transportation. With the development of technology, intelligent transportation systems have been enriched with Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Nowadays, smart city concept that integrates ICT and Internet-of-Things (IoT) have been appeared to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services. Recently, several IoT-based smart applications for smart cities have been developed. Among these applications, smart services for transportation are highly required to ease the issues especially regarding to road safety. In this context, this study presents a literature review that elaborates the existing IoT-based smart transportation systems especially in terms of road safety. In this way, the current state of IoT-based smart transportation systems for safer roads are provided. Then, the current research efforts undertaken by the authors to provide an IoT-based safe smart traffic system are briefly introduced. It is emphasized that road safety can be improved using Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication technologies via the cloud (Infrastructure-to-Cloud – I2C). Therefore, it is believed that this study offers useful information to researchers for developing safer roads in smart cities.
15 citations
Cites background from "An IoT Architecture for Assessing R..."
...The proposed study in [12] illustrates the feasibility of a road safety monitoring through utilizing advances in the IoT....
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...For road safety perspective, there are also some studies that provide useful insights for enabling smart transportations systems in the literature [11-13]....
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01 Dec 2020
TL;DR: An effective and artificial intelligence internet of things–based facial expression detection system is implemented to predict and match the face from the database and is used to eliminate the safety related risk in smart cities.
13 citations
01 Nov 2020
9 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the ways the Internet of Things (IoT) is currently used to solve urban issues and support heritage projects in Italian heritage cities.
Abstract: In recent years the application of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to the built heritage has been increasingly finalized to heritage promotion in order to maximize visitor flows. New urgent challenges facing built heritage loom now over its very existence and our possibilities to preserve it for future generations. Italian heritage cities represent a delicate context, where concerns related to tourist flows and resource consumption are amplified due to the concentration of sites and points of interests in urban areas, also in very small ones, while tourism remains vital for economic growth. In such contexts, balancing economic development and sustainable heritage conservation demands well-calibrated tools and approaches. The article presents an overview of the ways the Internet of Things (IoT) is currently used to solve urban issues and support heritage projects. On this basis, and considering the characters and problems typical of heritage cities, as well as the features of the Italian scenario, the most appropriate application lines of IoT for the Italian heritage cities are identified. Then, their potentialities, the mutual impacts between them and the heritage field and the key role of the IoT in supporting the delicate balance between economic development and cultural resource conservation are finally discussed.
8 citations
Cites background from "An IoT Architecture for Assessing R..."
...The tasks addressed by applications are disparate, from the localization of unoccupied parking areas [7] to analyses on bike sharing [8] or cargo-bikes [9] implications, to the general management of traffic issues [10–12], to optimal route planning and accident prevention [13] and in general to the increase of road safety [14]....
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TL;DR: The RTSHPMP was evaluated with the help of a case study, and the results show that it provides an efficient and secure mechanism for traveler safety on Saudi highways at the time of need.
Abstract: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) highways hold the record for having the straightest, longest highways in the world. Since the country’s major population centers are dispersed across the country and due to the country’s geography, which includes valleys, deserts, and mountains, among other landscapes, these highways connect the many cities of the kingdom and neighboring nations. However, it is still challenging to provide emergency assistance in a timely way in the case of accidents, such as first aid, medical aid, police protection, etc. The transport ministry is actively working on improvements and safety features for the drivers. This research proposes a CET (cutting-edge technologies)-based model named the real-time security, health, and privacy monitoring model for passenger safety (RTSHPMP) for securing the traveler’s safety and privacy besides medical and legal help. The vehicle will be equipped with IoT-based front-back cameras to collect real-time data and share it with the cloud using 5G network. The local and national trusted authorities (TAs) will monitor the collected cloud data and inform the government machinery (police, first aid, fire brigade, hospitals) in the case of an accident. In addition, the data collected through other vehicles on the road at the time of the incident will help supply evidence linked to the accident. The RTSHPMP was evaluated with the help of a case study, and the results show that it provides an efficient and secure mechanism for traveler safety on Saudi highways at the time of need.
7 citations
References
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05 Nov 2008
TL;DR: Nericell is presented, a system that performs rich sensing by piggybacking on smartphones that users carry with them in normal course, and addresses several challenges including virtually reorienting the accelerometer on a phone that is at an arbitrary orientation, and performing honk detection and localization in an energy efficient manner.
Abstract: We consider the problem of monitoring road and traffic conditions in a city. Prior work in this area has required the deployment of dedicated sensors on vehicles and/or on the roadside, or the tracking of mobile phones by service providers. Furthermore, prior work has largely focused on the developed world, with its relatively simple traffic flow patterns. In fact, traffic flow in cities of the developing regions, which comprise much of the world, tends to be much more complex owing to varied road conditions (e.g., potholed roads), chaotic traffic (e.g., a lot of braking and honking), and a heterogeneous mix of vehicles (2-wheelers, 3-wheelers, cars, buses, etc.).To monitor road and traffic conditions in such a setting, we present Nericell, a system that performs rich sensing by piggybacking on smartphones that users carry with them in normal course. In this paper, we focus specifically on the sensing component, which uses the accelerometer, microphone, GSM radio, and/or GPS sensors in these phones to detect potholes, bumps, braking, and honking. Nericell addresses several challenges including virtually reorienting the accelerometer on a phone that is at an arbitrary orientation, and performing honk detection and localization in an energy efficient manner. We also touch upon the idea of triggered sensing, where dissimilar sensors are used in tandem to conserve energy. We evaluate the effectiveness of the sensing functions in Nericell based on experiments conducted on the roads of Bangalore, with promising results.
1,407 citations
17 Jun 2008
TL;DR: This paper describes a system and associated algorithms to monitor this important civil infrastructure using a collection of sensor-equipped vehicles, which they call the Pothole Patrol (P2), which uses the inherent mobility of the participating vehicles, opportunistically gathering data from vibration and GPS sensors, and processing the data to assess road surface conditions.
Abstract: This paper investigates an application of mobile sensing: detecting and reporting the surface conditions of roads. We describe a system and associated algorithms to monitor this important civil infrastructure using a collection of sensor-equipped vehicles. This system, which we call the Pothole Patrol (P2), uses the inherent mobility of the participating vehicles, opportunistically gathering data from vibration and GPS sensors, and processing the data to assess road surface conditions. We have deployed P2 on 7 taxis running in the Boston area. Using a simple machine-learning approach, we show that we are able to identify potholes and other severe road surface anomalies from accelerometer data. Via careful selection of training data and signal features, we have been able to build a detector that misidentifies good road segments as having potholes less than 0.2% of the time. We evaluate our system on data from thousands of kilometers of taxi drives, and show that it can successfully detect a number of real potholes in and around the Boston area. After clustering to further reduce spurious detections, manual inspection of reported potholes shows that over 90% contain road anomalies in need of repair.
1,126 citations
"An IoT Architecture for Assessing R..." refers background in this paper
...the pothole patrol [22] depends on the deployment of 3-axis accelerometers on board of vehicles for detecting such road conditions through monitoring vibration....
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18 Nov 2011
TL;DR: A novel system that uses Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and smartphone based sensor-fusion to detect, recognize and record potentially-aggressive driving actions without external processing and utilizes Euler representation of device attitude to aid in classification.
Abstract: Driving style can characteristically be divided into two categories: “typical” (non-aggressive) and aggressive. Understanding and recognizing driving events that fall into these categories can aid in vehicle safety systems. Potentially-aggressive driving behavior is currently a leading cause of traffic fatalities in the United States. More often than not, drivers are unaware that they commit potentially-aggressive actions daily. To increase awareness and promote driver safety, we are proposing a novel system that uses Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and smartphone based sensor-fusion (accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, GPS, video) to detect, recognize and record these actions without external processing. Our system differs from past driving pattern recognition research by fusing related inter-axial data from multiple sensors into a single classifier. It also utilizes Euler representation of device attitude (also based on fused data) to aid in classification. All processing is done completely on the smartphone.
678 citations
"An IoT Architecture for Assessing R..." refers background in this paper
...Meanwhile, a smartphone-based system is provided in [39] to identify aggressive driving styles....
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TL;DR: A taxonomy is devised to best bring forth a generic overview of the IoT paradigm for smart cities, integrated ICT, network types, possible opportunities and major requirements, and the latest synergies and initiatives worldwide taken to promote IoT in the context of smart cities.
Abstract: The Internet of Things is a novel cutting edge technology that proffers to connect a plethora of digital devices endowed with several sensing, actuation, and computing capabilities with the Internet, thus offering manifold new services in the context of a smart city. The appealing IoT services and big data analytics are enabling smart city initiatives all over the world. These services are transforming cities by improving infrastructure and transportation systems, reducing traffic congestion, providing waste management, and improving the quality of human life. In this article, we devise a taxonomy to best bring forth a generic overview of the IoT paradigm for smart cities, integrated ICT, network types, possible opportunities and major requirements. Moreover, an overview of the up-to-date efforts from standard bodies is presented. Later, we give an overview of existing open source IoT platforms for realizing smart city applications followed by several exemplary case studies. In addition, we summarize the latest synergies and initiatives worldwide taken to promote IoT in the context of smart cities. Finally, we highlight several challenges in order to give future research directions.
456 citations
"An IoT Architecture for Assessing R..." refers background in this paper
...(iv) Finally, the proposed architecture showcases the viability of an economic road safety monitoring through advances in IoT and ITS, especially those aimed at realizing smart cities....
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...This section reviews related works within the context of IoT and ITS, and their integrations within the more general context of smart cities....
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...Telematics allows for such monitoring within the IoT/ITS context and is facilitated by several options....
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...Our interest in this work is to extend SS to the short-tomedium term through exploiting recent advances in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) [13, 14]....
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TL;DR: An up-to-date review of the different technologies used in the different phases involved in a TMS is presented and the potential use of smart cars and social media to enable fast and more accurate traffic congestion detection and mitigation is discussed.
Abstract: The growing size of cities and increasing population mobility have determined a rapid increase in the number of vehicles on the roads, which has resulted in many challenges for road traffic management authorities in relation to traffic congestion, accidents, and air pollution. Over the recent years, researchers from both industry and academia have been focusing their efforts on exploiting the advances in sensing, communication, and dynamic adaptive technologies to make the existing road traffic management systems (TMSs) more efficient to cope with the aforementioned issues in future smart cities. However, these efforts are still insufficient to build a reliable and secure TMS that can handle the foreseeable rise of population and vehicles in smart cities. In this survey, we present an up-to-date review of the different technologies used in the different phases involved in a TMS and discuss the potential use of smart cars and social media to enable fast and more accurate traffic congestion detection and mitigation. We also provide a thorough study of the security threats that may jeopardize the efficiency of the TMS and endanger drivers' lives. Furthermore, the most significant and recent European and worldwide projects dealing with traffic congestion issues are briefly discussed to highlight their contribution to the advancement of smart transportation. Finally, we discuss some open challenges and present our own vision to develop robust TMSs for future smart cities.
328 citations
"An IoT Architecture for Assessing R..." refers methods in this paper
...Various applications employ efficient algorithms for route planning [43]....
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