An overview of enzymatic production of biodiesel.

doi:10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2007.04.060

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An overview of enzymatic production of biodiesel.

Journal Article•DOI•

An overview of enzymatic production of biodiesel.

Srivathsan V. Ranganathan¹, Srinivasan Lakshmi Narasimhan¹, Karuppan Muthukumar¹•Institutions (1)

Anna University¹

01 Jul 2008-Bioresource Technology (Elsevier)-Vol. 99, Iss: 10, pp 3975-3981

TL;DR: The use of tert-butanol as solvent, continuous removal of glycerol, stepwise addition of methanol, and continual removal of Glycerol are found to reduce the inhibitory effects thereby increasing the cost effectiveness of the enzymatic process.

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About: This article is published in Bioresource Technology.The article was published on 2008-07-01. It has received 632 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Biodiesel production & Cost effectiveness.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Biodiesel and renewable diesel: A comparison

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Gerhard Knothe¹•Institutions (1)

National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research¹

01 Jun 2010-Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss in a general and comparative fashion aspects such as fuel production and energy balance, fuel properties, environmental effects including exhaust emissions and co-products, and what the effect of production scale may be.

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842 citations

Cites background from "An overview of enzymatic production..."

...Besides these ‘‘classical’’ conditions, numerous variations of the transesterification reaction exist, including application of enzymatic and heterogeneous catalysts [55–77]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Biodiesel production, properties, and feedstocks

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Bryan R. Moser¹•Institutions (1)

National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research¹

25 Mar 2009-In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology – Plant

TL;DR: This review covers the process by which biodiesel is prepared, the types of catalysts that may be used for the production of biodiesel, the influence of free fatty acids on biodiesel production, the use of different monohydric alcohols in the preparation of biod diesel, the effects of blending biodiesel with other fuels on fuel properties, alternative uses for biod Diesel, and value-added uses of glycerol.

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Abstract: Biodiesel, defined as the mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats, is an environmentally attractive alternative to conventional petroleum diesel fuel (petrodiesel). Produced by transesterification with a monohydric alcohol, usually methanol, biodiesel has many important technical advantages over petrodiesel, such as inherent lubricity, low toxicity, derivation from a renewable and domestic feedstock, superior flash point and biodegradability, negligible sulfur content, and lower exhaust emissions. Important disadvantages of biodiesel include high feedstock cost, inferior storage and oxidative stability, lower volumetric energy content, inferior low-temperature operability, and in some cases, higher NO x exhaust emissions. This review covers the process by which biodiesel is prepared, the types of catalysts that may be used for the production of biodiesel, the influence of free fatty acids on biodiesel production, the use of different monohydric alcohols in the preparation of biodiesel, the influence of biodiesel composition on fuel properties, the influence of blending biodiesel with other fuels on fuel properties, alternative uses for biodiesel, and value-added uses of glycerol, a co-product of biodiesel production. A particular emphasis is placed on alternative feedstocks for biodiesel production. Lastly, future challenges and outlook for biodiesel are discussed.

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766 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Effects of biodiesel on a DI diesel engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics

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Ekrem Buyukkaya¹•Institutions (1)

Sakarya University¹

01 Oct 2010-Fuel

TL;DR: In this paper, the performance, emission and combustion of a diesel engine using neat rapeseed oil and its blends of 5, 20% and 70%, and standard diesel fuel separately were investigated.

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646 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

A review on novel processes of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

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Amin Talebian-Kiakalaieh¹, Nor Aishah Saidina Amin¹, Hossein Mazaheri², Hossein Mazaheri¹•Institutions (2)

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia¹, Islamic Azad University, Arak²

01 Apr 2013-Applied Energy

TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of novel processes such as membrane reactor, reactive distillation column, reactive absorption, ultrasonic and microwave irradiation significantly influenced the final conversion, yield and in particular, the quality of product.

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630 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

A review of current technology for biodiesel production: State of the art

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Elizabeth Funmilayo Aransiola¹, Tunde Victor Ojumu¹, Oluwaseun Oyekola¹, T. F. Madzimbamuto¹, Dio Ikhu-Omoregbe¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

Cape Peninsula University of Technology¹

01 Feb 2014-Biomass & Bioenergy

TL;DR: This review shows that while emphasis is on the use of micro alga oil sources, the viability of the economics of the process is still in doubt, and a proposal for the exploitation of heterogeneous catalysts from natural sources to optimize biodiesel production is proposed.

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Abstract: This article reviews various technologies that have been used for biodiesel production till date, with a view to comparing commercial suitability of these methods on the basis of available feedstocks and associated challenges. This review shows that while emphasis is on the use of micro alga oil sources, the viability of the economics of the process is still in doubt. Homogenously catalyzed processes are the conventional technologies. However, their large-scale applicability is compromised due to their characteristic challenges. Batch processes and continuous processes are used for industrial purposes with typical capacity of 7.26-7.5 Gg y(-1) and 8-125 Gg y(-1) respectively, and heterogeneous catalysis may be sustainable for the continuous processes. Heterogeneous catalysts from renewable sources may be both environmentally and economically viable. Reactive distillation has the major advantage of combining the reaction and separation stages in a single unit, thereby significantly reducing capital costs and increasing opportunities for heat integration. This paper is a comprehensive overview of current technologies and appropriate options for scale-up development, providing the basis for a proposal for the exploitation of heterogeneous catalysts from natural sources to optimize biodiesel production. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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558 citations

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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Biodiesel production : a review

[...]

Fangrui Ma¹, Milford A. Hanna¹•Institutions (1)

University of Nebraska–Lincoln¹

31 Oct 1999-Bioresource Technology

TL;DR: In this article, the transesterification reaction is aected by molar ratio of glycerides to alcohol, catalysts, reaction temperature, reaction time and free fatty acids and water content of oils or fats.

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4,902 citations

"An overview of enzymatic production..." refers background or methods in this paper

...Soyabean oil, cottonseed oil, rapeseed oil and other oils are successfully cracked with appropriate catalysts to get biodiesel (Ma and Hanna, 1999)....
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...Three processing techniques are mainly used to convert vegetable oils to fuel form (Ma and Hanna, 1999) and they are pyrolysis, microemulsification and transesterification....
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...There may be risk of free acid or water contamination and soap formation is likely to take place which makes the separation process difficult (Ma and Hanna, 1999; Fukuda et al., 2001; Barnwal and Sharma, 2005)....
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...to fuel form (Ma and Hanna, 1999) and they are pyrolysis, microemulsification and transesterification....
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...Viscosity reduction, increase in cetane number and good spray characters encourage the usage of microemulsions but prolong usage causes problems like injector needle sticking, carbon deposit formation and incomplete combustion (Ma and Hanna, 1999)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils.

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Hideki Fukuda¹, Akihiko Kondo¹, Hideo Noda•Institutions (1)

Kobe University¹

01 Jan 2001-Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering

TL;DR: Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters), which is derived from triglycerides by transesterification with methanol, has attracted considerable attention during the past decade as a renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic fuel.

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2,185 citations

"An overview of enzymatic production..." refers background or methods in this paper

...The production of biodiesel using a biocatalyst eliminates the disadvantages of the alkali process by producing product of very high purity with less or no downstream operations (Fukuda et al., 2001). This method of production of biodiesel using a biocatalyst was also patented by Haas (1997). But the process has not yet been implemented in an industrial scale due to certain constraints like enzyme inhibition by methanol, exhaustion of enzyme activity and high cost of enzymes....
[...]
...There may be risk of free acid or water contamination and soap formation is likely to take place which makes the separation process difficult (Ma and Hanna, 1999; Fukuda et al., 2001; Barnwal and Sharma, 2005)....
[...]
...The production of biodiesel using a biocatalyst eliminates the disadvantages of the alkali process by producing product of very high purity with less or no downstream operations (Fukuda et al., 2001)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Variables affecting the yields of fatty esters from transesterified vegetable oils

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B. Freedman, E. H. Pryde, T. L. Mounts

01 Oct 1984-Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors showed that the conversion to methyl, ethyl and butyl esters from cottonseed, peanut, soybean and sunflower oils can be done in 1 hr with an alkaline catalyst.

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Abstract: Transesterification reaction variables that affect yield and purity of the product esters from cottonseed, peanut, soybean and sunflower oils include molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil, type of catalyst (alkaline vs acidic), temperature and degree of refinement of the vegetable oil. With alkaline catalysts (either sodium hydroxide or methoxide), temperatures of 60 C or higher, molar ratios of at least 6 to 1 and with fully refined oils, conversion to methyl, ethyl and butyl esters was essentially complete in 1 hr. At moderate temperatures (32 C), vegetable oils were 99% transesterified in ca. 4 hr with an alkaline catalyst. Transesterification by acid catalysis was much slower than by alkali catalysis. Although the crude oils could be transesterified, ester yields were reduced because of gums and extraneous material present in the crude oils.

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1,990 citations

"An overview of enzymatic production..." refers background in this paper

...Although yield is high, the acids, being corrosive, may cause damage to the equipment and the reaction rate was also observed to be low (Freedman et al., 1984)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Prospects of biodiesel production from vegetable oils in India

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B.K. Barnwal¹, Mahendra Pal Sharma¹•Institutions (1)

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee¹

01 Aug 2005-Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews

TL;DR: In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the work done on biodiesel production and utilization, resources available, process(es) developed/being developed, performance in existing engines, environmental considerations, the economic aspect, and advantages in and barriers to the use of biodiesel.

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Abstract: The world is confronted with the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. The indiscriminate extraction and consumption of fossil fuels have led to a reduction in petroleum reserves. Alternative fuels, energy conservation and management, energy efficiency and environmental protection have become important in recent years. The increasing import bill has necessitated the search for liquid fuels as an alternative to diesel, which is being used in large quantities in transport, agriculture, industrial, commercial and domestic sectors. Biodiesel obtained from vegetable oils has been considered a promising option. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the work done on biodiesel production and utilization, resources available, process(es) developed/being developed, performance in existing engines, environmental considerations, the economic aspect, and advantages in and barriers to the use of biodiesel.

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1,004 citations

"An overview of enzymatic production..." refers background in this paper

...There may be risk of free acid or water contamination and soap formation is likely to take place which makes the separation process difficult (Ma and Hanna, 1999; Fukuda et al., 2001; Barnwal and Sharma, 2005)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Enzymatic alcoholysis for biodiesel fuel production and application of the reaction to oil processing

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Yuji Shimada, Yomi Watanabe, Akio Sugihara, Yoshio Tominaga

07 Jun 2002-Journal of Molecular Catalysis B-enzymatic

TL;DR: In this paper, a stepwise methanolysis system with immobilized Candida antarctica lipase was developed for the production of biodiesel fuel from waste oil, where the first-step reaction was conducted in the presence of 1/3 molar equivalent of MeOH for the stoichiometric amount.

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Abstract: Biodiesel fuel (fatty acid methyl esters; FAMEs) can be produced by methanolysis of waste edible oil with a lipase. The degree of methanolysis was low in reaction systems so far reported, and the lipase catalyst could not be reused in spite of using immobilized enzyme. We clarified this problem was due to the irreversible inactivation of the lipase by contact with insoluble methanol (MeOH). Based on this result, we developed a stepwise methanolysis system with immobilized Candida antarctica lipase. Two-step batch methanolysis was most effective for the production of biodiesel fuel from waste oil: the first-step reaction was conducted in the presence of 1/3 molar equivalent of MeOH for the stoichiometric amount, and the second-step reaction was performed by adding 2/3 molar equivalent of MeOH. If the immobilized carrier is destroyed by agitation in a reactor with impeller, three-step flow reaction will be available: the first-step substrates were waste oil and 1/3 molar equivalent of MeOH; the second-step, the first-step eluate and 1/3 molar equivalent of MeOH; the third-step, the second-step eluate and 1/3 molar equivalent of MeOH. The conversion of waste oil to biodiesel fuel reached >90% in the two reaction systems, and the lipase catalyst could be used for >100 days without decrease of the activity. The stepwise alcoholysis could successfully be applied to ethanolysis of tuna oil.

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719 citations

"An overview of enzymatic production..." refers background or methods in this paper

...Disadvantages include inhibition effects which was observed when methanol was used and the fact that enzymes are expensive (Nelson et al., 1996; Shimada et al., 2002)....
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...Shimada et al. (2002) obtained conversions above 90% with waste cooking oil using stepwise addition of methanol....
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...…of enzyme Low 4 Iso et al. (2001)a Triolein, P. flourescens Butanol 90 Butanol was used as an acyl acceptor and no solvent was used Moderate 5 Shimada et al. (2002)a Waste cooking oil, Novozyme 435 Methanol 90 Stepwise addition of methanol Low 6 Bako et al. (2002)a Sunflower oil, Novozyme…...
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