Journal Article•
An overview of mobile ad hoc networks: applications and challenges
TL;DR: Insight is provided into the potential applications of ad hoc networks and the technological challenges that protocol designers and network developers are faced with, which include routing, service and resource discovery, Internet connectivity, billing and security.
Abstract: In the past few years, we have seen a rapid expansion in the field of mobile computing due to the proliferation of inexpensive, widely available wireless devices. However, current devices, applications and protocols are solely focused on cellular or wireless local area networks (WLANs), not taking into account the great potential offered by mobile ad hoc networking. A mobile ad hoc network is an autonomous collection of mobile devices (laptops, smart phones, sensors, etc.) that communicate with each other over wireless links and cooperate in a distributed manner in order to provide the necessary network functionality in the absence of a fixed infrastructure. This type of network, operating as a stand-alone network or with one or multiple points of attachment to cellular networks or the Internet, paves the way for numerous new and exciting applications. Application scenarios include, but are not limited to: emergency and rescue operations, conference or campus settings, car networks, personal networking, etc.
This paper provides insight into the potential applications of ad hoc networks and discusses the technological challenges that protocol designers and network developers are faced with. These challenges include routing, service and resource discovery, Internet connectivity, billing and security.
Citations
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01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: The emergence of the Mobile Ad Hoc Networking (MANET) technology advocates self-organized wireless interconnection of communication devices that would either extend or operate in concert with the network.
Abstract: The emergence of the Mobile Ad Hoc Networking (MANET) technology advocates self-organized wireless interconnection of communication devices that would either extend or operate in concert with the w ...
529 citations
Cites background from "An overview of mobile ad hoc networ..."
...Mobile Ad hoc Network technology has been very promising since it is very efficient in scenarios where a fixed network infrastructure is unreliable, not needed or is unaffordable [14]....
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01 Feb 2015
TL;DR: A classification of the probabilistic schemes, an exhaustive review of the evaluation methodology including their performance metrics, types of network simulators, their comparisons, and some examples of real implementations are presented in this paper.
Abstract: Broadcast or flooding is a dissemination technique of paramount importance in wireless ad hoc networks. The broadcast scheme is widely used within routing protocols by a wide range of wireless ad hoc networks such as mobile ad hoc networks, vehicular ad hoc networks, and wireless sensor networks, and used to spread emergency messages in critical scenarios after a disaster scenario and/or an accidents. As the type broadcast scheme used plays an important role in the performance of the network, it has to be selected carefully. Though several types of broadcast schemes have been proposed, probabilistic broadcast schemes have been demonstrated to be suitable schemes for wireless ad hoc networks due to a range of benefits offered by them such as low overhead, balanced energy consumption, and robustness against failures and mobility of nodes. In the last decade, many probabilistic broadcast schemes have been proposed by researchers. In addition to reviewing the main features of the probabilistic schemes found in the literature, we also present a classification of the probabilistic schemes, an exhaustive review of the evaluation methodology including their performance metrics, types of network simulators, their comparisons, and present some examples of real implementations, in this paper.
139 citations
Cites background from "An overview of mobile ad hoc networ..."
...The broadcast scheme is widely used within routing protocols by a wide range of wireless ad hoc networks such as mobile ad hoc networks, vehicular ad hoc networks, and wireless sensor networks, and used to spread emergency messages in critical scenarios after a disaster scenario and/or an accidents....
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TL;DR: To reduce energy consumption in the WSN, some of the nodes with overlapping sensing areas could be turned off using a coverage optimization protocol, discussed in this paper.
Abstract: A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is used to monitor an area for events. Each node in the WSN has a sensing range and a communication range. The sensing coverage of a sensor node is the area determined by the sensing range of the sensor node. Sensing coverage of the network is the collective coverage of the sensor nodes in a WSN. Sufficient number of sensor nodes need to be deployed to ensure adequate coverage of a region. Further, since sensor nodes have limited battery life, it is also essential to reduce the energy consumption. This would help improve the network lifetime and thus the coverage lifetime. To reduce energy consumption in the WSN, some of the nodes with overlapping sensing areas could be turned off using a coverage optimization protocol. In this paper, we discuss various coverage optimization protocols. These protocols are broadly classified as clustering and distributed protocols. Further, these protocols are classified based on the type of sensing model used, node location information, and mechanism used to determine neighboring node information (based on probe or computational geometry). In this paper, we review the key coverage optimization protocols and present open research issues related to energy efficient coverage.
92 citations
TL;DR: An attempt is made to explore the issues of unmanned aerial vehicle communication networks: UAV CN characteristics, UAVCN design issues, U AVCN applications, routing protocols, quality of service, power issue and identify the future open research areas which could be considered for further research to explore this technology.
Abstract: The unmanned aerial vehicle communication networks (UAVCN) comprises of a collection of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to build a network that can be used for many applications. These nodes autonomously fly in free space in ad-hoc mode to carry out the mission. However, the UAVs face some challenging issues during collaboration and communication. These nodes have high speed, hence the communication links fail to route the traffic that affects the routing mechanism. Therefore, UAVCN communication affecting the quality of service and facing the performance issue. Power is another major problem to limit and optimize the use of power, the energy-efficient mechanism is needed. In this paper, an attempt is made to explore the issues of unmanned aerial vehicle communication networks: UAVCN characteristics, UAVCN design issues, UAVCN applications, routing protocols, quality of service, power issue and identify the future open research areas which could be considered for further research to explore the UAVCN technology.
88 citations
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: A state-of-the-art review on ad hoc and wireless sensor networks, near field communications, radio frequency identification and routing protocols as a mean to describe their applicability towards an Internet of Things realization is offered.
Abstract: Internet of Things is an emerging area and it visions an inter-connected world full of physical as well as virtual objects, devices, processes and services capable of providing a different lens on how to link them via the Internet. While Internet of Things as part of the Future Internet has been described as a paradigm that mainly integrates and enables several technologies and communication solutions a notable interest is to define how current standard communication protocols could support the realization of the vision. Within this context, we offer a state-of-the-art review on ad hoc and wireless sensor networks, near field communications, radio frequency identification and routing protocols as a mean to describe their applicability towards an Internet of Things realization. We conclude by presenting a brief case scenario to describe a future smart environment and illustrate its possible model architecture.
78 citations
References
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TL;DR: Routing protocols for ad hoc networks are examined by providing an overview of eight different protocols by presenting their characteristics and functionality, and then a comparison and discussion of their respective merits and drawbacks are provided.
Abstract: An ad hoc mobile network is a collection of mobile nodes that are dynamically and arbitrarily located in such a manner that the interconnections between nodes are capable of changing on a continual basis. In order to facilitate communication within the network, a routing protocol is used to discover routes between nodes. The primary goal of such an ad hoc network routing protocol is correct and efficient route establishment between a pair of nodes so that messages may be delivered in a timely manner. Route construction should be done with a minimum of overhead and bandwidth consumption. This article examines routing protocols for ad hoc networks and evaluates these protocols based on a given set of parameters. The article provides an overview of eight different protocols by presenting their characteristics and functionality, and then provides a comparison and discussion of their respective merits and drawbacks.
4,278 citations
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: The characteristics of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), and their idiosyncrasies with respect to traditional, hardwired packet networks, are described, with an emphasis on routing performance evaluation considerations.
Abstract: This memo first describes the characteristics of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), and their idiosyncrasies with respect to traditional, hardwired packet networks. It then discusses the effect these differences have on the design and evaluation of network control protocols with an emphasis on routing performance evaluation considerations.
2,115 citations
01 Jul 2003
TL;DR: The important role that mobile ad hoc networks play in the evolution of future wireless technologies is explained and the latest research activities in these areas are reviewed, including a summary of MANETs characteristics, capabilities, applications, and design constraints.
Abstract: Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) represent complex distributed systems that comprise wireless mobile nodes that can freely and dynamically self-organize into arbitrary and temporary, ‘‘ad-hoc’’ network topologies, allowing people and devices to seamlessly internetwork in areas with no pre-existing communication infrastructure, e.g., disaster recovery environments. Ad hoc networking concept is not a new one, having been around in various forms for over 20 years. Traditionally, tactical networks have been the only communication networking application that followed the ad hoc paradigm. Recently, the introduction of new technologies such as the Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 and Hyperlan are helping enable eventual commercial MANET deployments outside the military domain. These recent evolutions have been generating a renewed and growing interest in the research and development of MANET. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of this dynamic field. It first explains the important role that mobile ad hoc networks play in the evolution of future wireless technologies. Then, it reviews the latest research activities in these areas, including a summary of MANETs characteristics, capabilities, applications, and design constraints. The paper concludes by presenting a set of challenges and problems requiring further research in the future. � 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1,430 citations
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this article, a wide range of routing protocols have been proposed in the literature and a performance comparison of all routing protocols and suggest which protocols may perform best in large networks is provided.
Abstract: The 1990s have seen a rapid growth of research interests in mobile ad hoc networking. The infrastructureless and the dynamic nature of these networks demands new set of networking strategies to be implemented in order to provide efficient end-to-end communication. This, along with the diverse application of these networks in many different scenarios such as battlefield and disaster recovery, have seen MANETs being researched by many different organisations and institutes. MANETs employ the traditional TCP/IP structure to provide end-to-end communication between nodes. However, due to their mobility and the limited resource in wireless networks, each layer in the TCP/IP model require redefinition or modifications to function efficiently in MANETs. One interesting research area in MANET is routing. Routing in the MANETs is a challenging task and has received a tremendous amount of attention from researches. This has led to development of many different routing protocols for MANETs, and each author of each proposed protocol argues that the strategy proposed provides an improvement over a number of different strategies considered in the literature for a given network scenario. Therefore, it is quite difficult to determine which protocols may perform best under a number of different network scenarios, such as increasing node density and traffic. In this paper, we provide an overview of a wide range of routing protocols proposed in the literature. We also provide a performance comparison of all routing protocols and suggest which protocols may perform best in large networks.
1,281 citations
TL;DR: This paper proposes a simple mechanism based on a counter in each node to stimulate the nodes for packet forwarding and studies the behavior of the proposed mechanism analytically and by means of simulations, and detail the way in which it could be protected against misuse.
Abstract: In military and rescue applications of mobile ad hoc networks, all the nodes belong to the same authority; therefore, they are motivated to cooperate in order to support the basic functions of the network In this paper, we consider the case when each node is its own authority and tries to maximize the benefits it gets from the network More precisely, we assume that the nodes are not willing to forward packets for the benefit of other nodes This problem may arise in civilian applications of mobile ad hoc networks In order to stimulate the nodes for packet forwarding, we propose a simple mechanism based on a counter in each node We study the behavior of the proposed mechanism analytically and by means of simulations, and detail the way in which it could be protected against misuse
1,188 citations