An overview of the composition and application of biomass ash.
TL;DR: In this article, an extended overview of the complex phase-mineral and chemical composition and properties of biomass ash (BA) was conducted in Part 1 of the present work and the potential application of BA using the above classification approach is described in the present Part 2.
About: This article is published in Fuel.The article was published on 2013-03-01. It has received 452 citations till now.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a summary of knowledge and research developments concerning these ash-related issues, including alkali-induced slagging, silicate melt induced slagging (ash fusion), agglomeration, corrosion, and ash utilization.
691 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the physicochemical properties of water under subcritical and supercritical conditions and the interactions of water with biomass are discussed in the present paper, and the characteristics of various types of hydrothermal processing products are identified.
Abstract: Hydrothermal processing is an important thermochemical conversion process that is used to convert biomass into valuable products or biofuel. The process is usually performed in water at 250–374 °C under pressures of 4–22 MPa. The biomass is degraded into small components in water. Based on the target products, i.e., bio-oil, bio-gas or bio-carbon, the process conditions (temperature, pressure and time) are chosen. There has been significant effort in evaluating various biomass resources for hydrothermal processing because the process is suitable for any type of biomass including the co-utilization of biomass with waste materials. Additionally, because most biomass resources have high moisture contents, the most efficient way to process them is through hydrothermal processing. To understand hydrothermal biomass processing and the degradation pathway of biomass, it is necessary to understand the properties of water under hydrothermal conditions (i.e., subcritical and supercritical). In this respect, the physicochemical properties of water under subcritical and supercritical conditions and the interactions of water with biomass are discussed in the present paper. This review focuses on the hydrothermal processing of biomass and identifies the characteristics of various types of hydrothermal processing products. Additionally, this review provides an overview of the available biomass, the use of biomass as an energy source and related conversion technologies.
491 citations
TL;DR: An extended overview of the advantages and disadvantages of biomass composition and properties for biofuel application was conducted based on reference peer-reviewed data plus own investigations as mentioned in this paper, which showed that the major environmental, economic and social benefits appeared to compensate the technological and other barriers caused by the unfavourable composition of biomass.
462 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulose biomass to renewable fuel grade bio-oil and chemicals is presented, along with catalysts type and their catalytic activities in the production of renewable biooil and bio-chemicals.
Abstract: Pyrolysis converts lignocellulosic biomass to bio-oil that can be a precursor to fuel and chemicals for industries. The bio-oil contains high oxygenates fractions that deteriorate the bio-oil fuel properties. Catalysts acted to upgrade the bio-oil through selected bond cleavage reactions such as deoxygenation, cracking, decarbonylation and others reactions. Bulk and supported acid or base catalysts in biomass pyrolysis tailored the production of high-grade bio-oil. The catalytic biomass pyrolysis is an approach that is reliable for producing quality renewable fuel and chemical precursors. This paper elucidated recent studies on catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulose biomass to renewable fuel grade bio-oil and chemicals. The review discussed the various principal activities on biomass characteristics and their potentials in pyrolysis process to produce the high-grade biofuel precursor. The possible processes used in perpetuating the pyrolysis devolatilisation of biomass are also appraised along with catalysts type, and their catalytic activities in the production of renewable bio-oil and bio-chemicals. Therefore, catalyst development for the upgrade of bio-oils from pyrolysis of biomass to renewable fuel and chemicals precursor remains a topical issue.
385 citations
TL;DR: An extended overview of phase-mineral transformations of organic and inorganic matter that occur during biomass combustion was conducted in this article, where it was demonstrated that the phase composition of BA is polycomponent, heterogeneous and variable and includes: (1) mostly inorganic material (IM) composed of non-crystalline (amorphous) and crystalline to semiscale constituents; (2) subordinately organic matter (OM) consisting of char and organic minerals; and (3) some fluid matter associated with both IM and OM.
358 citations
References
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TL;DR: The potential of a restored landfill site to act as a biomass source, providing fuel to supplement landfill gas-fuelled power stations, is examined, together with a comparison of the economics of power production from purpose-grown biomass versus waste-biomass.
4,162 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the utilization of fly ash in construction, as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of organic compounds, flue gas and metals, light weight aggregate, mine back fill, road sub-base, and zeolite synthesis is discussed.
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TL;DR: A brief review of the main conversion processes is presented, with specific regard to the production of a fuel suitable for spark ignition gas engines.
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TL;DR: An extended overview of the chemical composition of biomass was conducted in this article, where reference peer-reviewed data for chemical composition was used to describe the biomass system, including traditional and complete proximate, ultimate and ash analyses.
1,792 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the properties of biomass relevant to combustion is briefly reviewed and the compositions of biomass among fuel types are variable, especially with respect to inorganic constituents important to the critical problems of fouling and slagging.
1,764 citations