An overview on the accumulation, distribution, transformations, toxicity and analytical methods for the monitoring of persistent organic pollutants
TL;DR: A comprehensive review with 108 references referring to the distribution, source, accumulation, transformation, types and toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) is presented.
About: This article is published in Talanta.The article was published on 2010-03-15. It has received 471 citations till now.
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TL;DR: The most relevant sources of nanoplastics are described and some insights into their fate once released into the environment are offered, including the most prominent effects of these small particulates, while identifying the key challenges scientists currently face in the research of nanopLastics in the environment.
699 citations
Cites background from "An overview on the accumulation, di..."
...contaminants that are susceptible of entering food networks, undergoing bioaccumulation and bioamplification phenomena (El-Shahawi et al., 2010; Geyer et al., 2000; Kallenborn, 2006; Rios et al., 2010; Ryan et al., 1988; Schwarzenbach et al., 2006)....
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...…constitutingde facto vectors of hydrophobic contaminants that are susceptible of entering food networks, undergoing bioaccumulation and bioamplification phenomena (El-Shahawi et al., 2010; Geyer et al., 2000; Kallenborn, 2006; Rios et al., 2010; Ryan et al., 1988; Schwarzenbach et al., 2006)....
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27 Jun 2018
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized the problems related to heavy metal pollution and various remediation technologies, and a case study in South Africa mines were also used to demonstrate the need for special attention to protect soil quality, air quality, water quality, human health, animal health and all spheres as a collection.
Abstract: The environment and its compartments have been severely polluted by heavy metals. This has compromised the ability of the environment to foster life and render its intrinsic values. Heavy metals are known to be naturally occurring compounds, but anthropogenic activities introduce them in large quantities in different environmental compartments. This leads to the environment's ability to foster life being reduced as human, animal, and plant health become threatened. This occurs due to bioaccumulation in the food chains as a result of the nondegradable state of the heavy metals. Remediation of heavy metals requires special attention to protect soil quality, air quality, water quality, human health, animal health, and all spheres as a collection. Developed physical and chemical heavy metal remediation technologies are demanding costs which are not feasible, time-consuming, and release additional waste to the environment. This chapter summarises the problems related to heavy metal pollution and various remediation technologies. A case study in South Africa mines were also used.
527 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the recent studies on the health and environmental problems due to pollution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and future prospectives, convention and regulation, control and removal measures of POPs have also been discussed.
401 citations
TL;DR: Whether microplastics can be ingested and whether their presence causes adverse effects after short-term exposure are investigated and underline that, considering high concentrations, microplastic particles can already induce adverse effects in limnic zooplankton.
343 citations
TL;DR: This review highlights recent applications of μPADs for environmental analysis along with technical advances that may enable μPads to be more widely implemented in field testing.
Abstract: The field of paper-based microfluidics has experienced rapid growth over the past decade. Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), originally developed for point-of-care medical diagnostics in resource-limited settings, are now being applied in new areas, such as environmental analyses. Low-cost paper sensors show great promise for on-site environmental analysis; the theme of ongoing research complements existing instrumental techniques by providing high spatial and temporal resolution for environmental monitoring. This review highlights recent applications of μPADs for environmental analysis along with technical advances that may enable μPADs to be more widely implemented in field testing.
232 citations
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17 Mar 1994
TL;DR: In this article, an introduction to modern soil chemistry describes chemical processes in soils in terms of established principles of inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry, providing an understanding of the structure of the solid mineral and organic materials from which soils are formed.
Abstract: This introduction to modern soil chemistry describes chemical processes in soils in terms of established principles of inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry. The text provides an understanding of the structure of the solid mineral and organic materials from which soils are formed, and explains such important processes as cation exchange, chemisorption and physical absorption of organic and inorganic ions and molecules, soil acidification and weathering, oxidation-reduction reactions, and development of soil alkalinity and swelling properties. Environmental rather than agricultural topics are emphasized, with individual chapters on such pollutants as heavy metals, trace elements, and inorganic chemicals.
6,735 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that the TEF concept is still the most plausible and feasible approach for risk assessment of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons with dioxinlike properties.
Abstract: An expert meeting was organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and held in Stockholm on 15-18 June 1997. The objective of this meeting was to derive consensus toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxinlike polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) for both human, fish, and wildlife risk assessment. Based on existing literature data, TEFs were (re)evaluated and either revised (mammals) or established (fish and birds). A few mammalian WHO-TEFs were revised, including 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorinated DD, octachlorinated DD, octachlorinated DF, and PCB 77. These mammalian TEFs are also considered applicable for humans and wild mammalian species. Furthermore, it was concluded that there was insufficient in vivo evidence to continue the use of TEFs for some di-ortho PCBs, as suggested earlier by Ahlborg et al. [Chemosphere 28:1049-1067 (1994)]. In addition, TEFs for fish and birds were determined. The WHO working group attempted to harmonize TEFs across different taxa to the extent possible. However, total synchronization of TEFs was not feasible, as there were orders of a magnitude difference in TEFs between taxa for some compounds. In this respect, the absent or very low response of fish to mono-ortho PCBs is most noticeable compared to mammals and birds. Uncertainties that could compromise the TEF concept were also reviewed, including nonadditive interactions, differences in shape of the dose-response curve, and species responsiveness. In spite of these uncertainties, it was concluded that the TEF concept is still the most plausible and feasible approach for risk assessment of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons with dioxinlike properties.
3,247 citations
TL;DR: It is reported that the major and persistent DDT metabolite,P,P′-DDE (l,l-dichloro-2,2-bis(P- chlorophenyl)ethylene), has little ability to bind the oestrogen receptor, but inhibits androgen binding to the androgen receptor.
Abstract: The increase in the number of reports of abnormalities in male sex development in wildlife and humans coincided with the introduction of 'oestrogenic' chemicals such as DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) into the environment. Although these phenotypic alterations are thought to be mediated by the oestrogen receptor, they are also consistent with inhibition of androgen receptor-mediated events. Here we report that the major and persistent DDT metabolite, p,p'-DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene), has little ability to bind the oestrogen receptor, but inhibits androgen binding to the androgen receptor, androgen-induced transcriptional activity, and androgen action in developing, pubertal and adult male rats. The results suggest that abnormalities in male sex development induced by p,p'-DDE and related environmental chemicals may be mediated at the level of the androgen receptor.
1,513 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an overview on current European Union (EU) legislation on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and analytical methods for official control of food and environmental samples is presented.
Abstract: This article gives an overview on current European Union (EU) legislation on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and analytical methods for official control of food and environmental samples. It aims to highlight the discrepancy in the approaches for legislation and analysis and the need for harmonization between these fields as both are linked. It describes the actions taken within the EU in setting up an on-line monitoring database for food products, proficiency tests and method-validation studies.
371 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of PCB concentrations from the 1980s to 1990s shows an increasing trend, possibly due to the improper disposal of and leakage from PCB containers, chemical transfers, and the general rise of industrial pollution.
288 citations