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Journal ArticleDOI

An SVD-based watermarking scheme for protecting rightful ownership

01 Mar 2002-IEEE Transactions on Multimedia (IEEE)-Vol. 4, Iss: 1, pp 121-128
TL;DR: A novel watermarking algorithm based on singular value decomposition (SVD) is proposed and results show that the newwatermarking method performs well in both security and robustness.
Abstract: Digital watermarking has been proposed as a solution to the problem of copyright protection of multimedia documents in networked environments. There are two important issues that watermarking algorithms need to address. First, watermarking schemes are required to provide trustworthy evidence for protecting rightful ownership. Second, good watermarking schemes should satisfy the requirement of robustness and resist distortions due to common image manipulations (such as filtering, compression, etc.). In this paper, we propose a novel watermarking algorithm based on singular value decomposition (SVD). Analysis and experimental results show that the new watermarking method performs well in both security and robustness.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A hybrid image-watermarking scheme based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) is proposed, which is able to withstand a variety of image-processing attacks.
Abstract: The main objective of developing an image-watermarking technique is to satisfy both imperceptibility and robustness requirements. To achieve this objective, a hybrid image-watermarking scheme based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) is proposed in this paper. In our approach, the watermark is not embedded directly on the wavelet coefficients but rather than on the elements of singular values of the cover image's DWT subbands. Experimental results are provided to illustrate that the proposed approach is able to withstand a variety of image-processing attacks.

568 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
20 Sep 2004
TL;DR: A hybrid scheme based on DWT and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is presented, which allows the development of a watermarking scheme that is robust to a wide range of attacks.
Abstract: Protection of digital multimedia content has become an increasingly important issue for content owners and service providers. As watermarking is identified as a major technology to achieve copyright protection, the relevant literature includes several distinct approaches for embedding data into a multimedia element (primarily images, audio, and video). Because of its growing popularity, the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is commonly used in recent watermarking schemes. In a DWT-based scheme, the DWT coefficients are modified with the data that represents the watermark. In this paper, we present a hybrid scheme based on DWT and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). After decomposing the cover image into four bands, we apply the SVD to each band, and embed the same watermark data by modifying the singular values. Modification in all frequencies allows the development of a watermarking scheme that is robust to a wide range of attacks.

367 citations


Cites background from "An SVD-based watermarking scheme fo..."

  • ...SVD is one of the most useful tools of linear algebra with several applications in image compression [18,19,20,21,22,23], watermarking [14,15,16], and other signal processing fields [24,25,26,27]....

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  • ...In the second approach, a picture representing a company logo or other copyright information is embedded in the cover image [11,12,13,14,15,16]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new grayscale image quality measure that can be used as a graphical or a scalar measure to predict the distortion introduced by a wide range of noise sources based on singular value decomposition is presented.
Abstract: The important criteria used in subjective evaluation of distorted images include the amount of distortion, the type of distortion, and the distribution of error. An ideal image quality measure should, therefore, be able to mimic the human observer. We present a new grayscale image quality measure that can be used as a graphical or a scalar measure to predict the distortion introduced by a wide range of noise sources. Based on singular value decomposition, it reliably measures the distortion not only within a distortion type at different distortion levels, but also across different distortion types. The measure was applied to five test images (airplane, boat, Goldhill, Lena, and peppers) using six types of distortion (JPEG, JPEG 2000, Gaussian blur, Gaussian noise, sharpening, and DC-shifting), each with five distortion levels. Its performance is compared with PSNR and two recent measures.

350 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new semi-blind reference watermarking scheme based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) for copyright protection and authenticity and it is shown that the proposed scheme also stands with the ambiguity attack also.

269 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...All rights reserved....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that the embedding and extraction of the proposed algorithm is well optimized, robust and show an improvement over other similar reported methods.
Abstract: This paper presents an optimized watermarking scheme based on the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD). The singular values of a binary watermark are embedded in singular values of the LL3 sub-band coefficients of the host image by making use of multiple scaling factors (MSFs). The MSFs are optimized using a newly proposed Firefly Algorithm having an objective function which is a linear combination of imperceptibility and robustness. The PSNR values indicate that the visual quality of the signed and attacked images is good. The embedding algorithm is robust against common image processing operations. It is concluded that the embedding and extraction of the proposed algorithm is well optimized, robust and show an improvement over other similar reported methods.

257 citations

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that insertion of a watermark under this regime makes the watermark robust to signal processing operations and common geometric transformations provided that the original image is available and that it can be successfully registered against the transformed watermarked image.
Abstract: This paper presents a secure (tamper-resistant) algorithm for watermarking images, and a methodology for digital watermarking that may be generalized to audio, video, and multimedia data. We advocate that a watermark should be constructed as an independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gaussian random vector that is imperceptibly inserted in a spread-spectrum-like fashion into the perceptually most significant spectral components of the data. We argue that insertion of a watermark under this regime makes the watermark robust to signal processing operations (such as lossy compression, filtering, digital-analog and analog-digital conversion, requantization, etc.), and common geometric transformations (such as cropping, scaling, translation, and rotation) provided that the original image is available and that it can be successfully registered against the transformed watermarked image. In these cases, the watermark detector unambiguously identifies the owner. Further, the use of Gaussian noise, ensures strong resilience to multiple-document, or collusional, attacks. Experimental results are provided to support these claims, along with an exposition of pending open problems.

6,194 citations


"An SVD-based watermarking scheme fo..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...3) Robustness [9]–[12]: given a watermarked document, an...

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  • ...We maintain that this is one of the advantages of the SVD method over some other popular watermarking schemes which cannot directly handle nonsquare matrices [9], [18], [19]....

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  • ...They design a noninvertible scheme which is a modified version of the watermarking method proposed by Coxet al.[9]....

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  • ...nication method proposed by Cox [9] in order to put the performance investigation of our algorithm in proper context....

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  • ...Many watermarking algorithms select pseudo-Gaussian random sequences as watermarks and use them to prove the existence of watermarks by means of correlation detection or by exploiting the statistical characteristics [9]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The decomposition of A is called the singular value decomposition (SVD) and the diagonal elements of ∑ are the non-negative square roots of the eigenvalues of A T A; they are called singular values.
Abstract: Let A be a real m×n matrix with m≧n. It is well known (cf. [4]) that $$A = U\sum {V^T}$$ (1) where $${U^T}U = {V^T}V = V{V^T} = {I_n}{\text{ and }}\sum {\text{ = diag(}}{\sigma _{\text{1}}}{\text{,}} \ldots {\text{,}}{\sigma _n}{\text{)}}{\text{.}}$$ The matrix U consists of n orthonormalized eigenvectors associated with the n largest eigenvalues of AA T , and the matrix V consists of the orthonormalized eigenvectors of A T A. The diagonal elements of ∑ are the non-negative square roots of the eigenvalues of A T A; they are called singular values. We shall assume that $${\sigma _1} \geqq {\sigma _2} \geqq \cdots \geqq {\sigma _n} \geqq 0.$$ Thus if rank(A)=r, σ r+1 = σ r+2=⋯=σ n = 0. The decomposition (1) is called the singular value decomposition (SVD).

3,036 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 1998
TL;DR: The reliability of data-embedding procedures and their ability to deliver new services such as viewing a movie in a given rated version from a single multicast stream are discussed.
Abstract: We review developments in transparent data embedding and watermarking for audio, image, and video. Data-embedding and watermarking algorithms embed text, binary streams, audio, image, or video in a host audio, image, or video signal. The embedded data are perceptually inaudible or invisible to maintain the quality of the source data. The embedded data can add features to the host multimedia signal, e.g., multilingual soundtracks in a movie, or provide copyright protection. We discuss the reliability of data-embedding procedures and their ability to deliver new services such as viewing a movie in a given rated version from a single multicast stream. We also discuss the issues and problems associated with copy and copyright protection and assess the viability of current watermarking algorithms as a means for protecting copyrighted data.

1,023 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a Fourier-Mellin-based approach is used to construct watermarks which are designed to be unaffected by any combination of rotation and scale transformations, and a novel method of CDMA spread spectrum encoding is introduced which allows one to embed watermark messages of arbitrary length and which need only a secret key for decoding.

820 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new watermarking algorithm is presented: the method, which operates in the frequency domain, embeds a pseudo-random sequence of real numbers in a selected set of DCT coefficients, which is adapted to the image by exploiting the masking characteristics of the human visual system, thus ensuring the watermark invisibility.

743 citations


"An SVD-based watermarking scheme fo..." refers background in this paper

  • ...3) Robustness [9]–[12]: given a watermarked document, an...

    [...]