Analyses of pesticides and their metabolites in foods and drinks
TL;DR: The importance of matrix pretreatment, sample extraction and clean-up in multiresidue methods for pesticide analyses is discussed, with emphasis on alternative new techniques attempted worldwide such as accelerated solvent extraction, microwave assisted extraction, solid phase extraction, micro-extraction, matrix solid-phase dispersion, supercritical fluid chromatography, ultrasonic extraction and gel permeation chromatography.
Abstract: The importance of matrix pretreatment, sample extraction and clean-up in multiresidue methods for pesticide analyses is discussed, with emphasis on alternative new techniques attempted worldwide such as accelerated solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, solid-phase extraction, solid-phase micro-extraction, matrix solid-phase dispersion, supercritical fluid chromatography, ultrasonic extraction and gel permeation chromatography. Detection employing capillary gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, immunoassay techniques and others is summarized.
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TL;DR: A review of the many uses of matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) in the extraction and analysis of a variety of compounds from a range of samples is provided.
342 citations
Cites background from "Analyses of pesticides and their me..."
...MSPD was patented in 1993 [226] and its many uses have been extensively reviewed [52,76,110,133,139,157,159,161,163, 190,192,199,200,215,222,228,230,231,236,237,245,246,251]....
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TL;DR: The aim of this review is to illustrate the recent advances in the isolation and analysis of ginseng, and to highlight new applications and challenges.
299 citations
TL;DR: The aim of the present review is to provide a general overview and an update of the last developments of MSPD.
256 citations
TL;DR: Solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedures for pesticide residues in food and environment are reviewed and discussed and emphasis is placed on the multiresidue analysis of liquid and solid samples.
218 citations
TL;DR: Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors (EFs) ranged from 100 to 150 and extraction recoveries varied between 68 and 105%, both of which are relatively high over those of published methods.
Abstract: For the first time a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method on the basis of an extraction solvent lighter than water was presented in this study. Three organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) were selected as model compounds and the proposed method was carried out for their preconcentration from water samples. In this extraction method, a mixture of cyclohexane (extraction solvent) and acetone (disperser) is rapidly injected into the aqueous sample in a special vessel (see experimental section) by syringe. Thereby, a cloudy solution is formed. In this step, the OPPs are extracted into the fine droplets of cyclohexane dispersed into aqueous phase. After centrifuging the fine droplets of cyclohexane are collected on the upper of the extraction vessel. The upper phase (0.40 microL) is injected into the gas chromatograph (GC) for separation. Analytes were detected by a flame ionization detector (FID) (for high concentrations) or MS (for low concentrations). Some important parameters, such as the kind of extraction and dispersive solvents and volume of them, extraction time, temperature, and salt amount were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors (EFs) ranged from 100 to 150 and extraction recoveries varied between 68 and 105%, both of which are relatively high over those of published methods. The linear ranges were wide (10-100 000 microg/L for GC-FID and 0.01-1 microg/L for GC-MS) and LODs were low (3-4 microg/L for GC-FID and 0.003 microg/L for GC-MS). The RSDs for 100.0 microg/L of each OPP in water were in the range of 5.3-7.8% (n = 5).
190 citations
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4,485 citations
TL;DR: The applications of solid-phase microextraction for sample preparation in pesticide residue analysis are reviewed taking into account the different approaches of this technique coupled mainly to gas chromatography but also to high-performance liquid chromatography.
278 citations
TL;DR: The method has been used for analysis of various fruits and vegetables, such as apple, banana, cabbage, carrot, cucumber, lettuce, orange, pear, pepper, and pineapple, and limits of detection range between 0.02 and 1.0 mg/kg for most compounds.
Abstract: A method is described for the determination of 251 pesticide and degradation product residues in fruit and vegetable samples. Extraction of the sample with acetonitrile is followed by a salting-out step. Co-extractives are removed by passing a portion of the acetonitrile extract through an octadecyl (C18) solid-phase extraction cleanup cartridge and then, in a second cleanup, through a carbon cartridge coupled to an amino propyl cartridge. Determination is by gas chromatography with mass-selective detection in the selected-ion monitoring mode, and by liquid chromatography with post-column reaction and fluorescence detection for N-methyl carbamates. The method has been used for analysis of various fruits and vegetables, such as apple, banana, cabbage, carrot, cucumber, lettuce, orange, pear, pepper, and pineapple. Limits of detection range between 0.02 and 1.0 mg/kg for most compounds. Over 80% of the compounds have a limit of detection of < or = 0.04 mg/kg.
236 citations
TL;DR: The role of gas chromatography as an analytical tool in combination with currently used or recently developed sample preparation techniques is described.
228 citations
TL;DR: A review concerning the determination of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables is presented and consideration is given to solid phase and supercritical extraction techniques, automation and robotic systems, and immunoassay procedures.
225 citations