Analytical solutions for helium bubble and critical radius parameters using a hard sphere equation of state
TL;DR: In this article, simplified analytical solutions are developed which permit the calculation of the bubble radius and the critical bubble parameters without resorting to iterative techniques and yet retain the accuracy of the hard sphere equation of state.
About: This article is published in Journal of Nuclear Materials.The article was published on 1985-04-01. It has received 121 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Critical radius & Bubble.
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TL;DR: In this paper, an emerging class of nanostructured ferritic alloys (NFAs) have been proposed for high-performance structural alloys with outstanding properties that are sustained under long-term service in ultrasevere environments.
Abstract: Advanced fission and future fusion energy will require new high-performance structural alloys with outstanding properties that are sustained under long-term service in ultrasevere environments, including neutron damage producing up to 200 atomic displacements per atom and, for fusion, 2000 appm of He. Following a brief description of irradiation damage and damage resistance, we focus on an emerging class of nanostructured ferritic alloys (NFAs) that show promise for meeting these challenges. NFAs contain an ultrahigh density of Y-Ti-O-enriched dispersion-strengthening nanofeatures (NFs) that, along with fine grains and high dislocation densities, provide remarkably high tensile, creep, and fatigue strength. The NFs are stable under irradiation up to 800°C and trap He in fine-scale bubbles, suppressing void swelling and fast fracture embrittlement at lower temperatures and creep rupture embrittlement at high temperatures. The current state of the development and understanding of NFAs is described, along wi...
1,021 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the present understanding of defect-interface interactions in single-phase and two-phase metal and oxide nanocomposites, emphasizing how interface structure affects interactions with point, line, and planar defects.
427 citations
Cites background from "Analytical solutions for helium bub..."
...A key advancement made during these years is the theory for “bubble-to-void” transition [214, 215] that predicts two characteristic sizes for helium-filled cavities....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an approach for processing bulk nanocomposites containing interfaces that are stable under irradiation, which is the key factor in reducing the damage and imparting stability in certain nanomaterials under conditions where bulk materials exhibit void swelling and/or embrittlement.
412 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review recent work that aims to gain such insight by determining how interface structure influences He trapping and the equation of state of He in interface bubbles as well as how He-induced hardening depends on interface area per unit volume in composite materials.
Abstract: Interfaces are good traps for implanted He, but are also susceptible to He-induced embrittlement. Better understanding of the mechanisms of He interactions with interfaces may enable design of interfaces that control He while remaining mechanically sound. We review recent work that aims to gain such insight by determining how interface structure influences He trapping and the equation of state of He in interface bubbles as well as how He-induced hardening depends on interface area per unit volume in composite materials.
163 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarized the recent progress on developing a class of potentially transformational structural materials called nanostructured ferritic alloys, which are leading candidates for advanced fission and fusion energy applications.
Abstract: This article summarizes the recent progress on developing a class of potentially transformational structural materials called nanostructured ferritic alloys, which are leading candidates for advanced fission and fusion energy applications. Here, we focus on Fe-Cr-based ferritic stainless steels containing a very high concentration of Y-Ti-O nano-oxide features that enable a host of outstanding high-temperature properties, along with unique irradiation tolerance and thermal stability. Perhaps most notably, these alloys have an unprecedented capability to manage very high helium concentrations, pertinent to fusion service, in a way that transforms this element from a severe liability to a potential asset. In addition to providing some necessary background, we update progress on: (I) the character of the nanofeatures; (II) some unifying insights on key mechanical properties; (III) a quantitative model for nanofeature coarsening; (IV) recent irradiation experiments of the effects of helium on cavity evolution and void swelling; and (V) a powerful new mechanism controlling the transport, fate, and consequences of helium.
162 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, electron microscope examination by the thin foil technique has been carried out on samples of stainless steel irradiated in the Dounreay Fast Reactor, either in the form of cladding on experimental fuel elements or as specimens intended for mechanical property tests.
Abstract: DURING development work on fuel elements for fast reactor applications, electron microscope examination by the thin foil technique has been carried out on samples of stainless steel irradiated in the Dounreay Fast Reactor, either in the form of cladding on experimental fuel elements or as specimens intended for mechanical property tests. The steel had a composition falling within the American Iron and Steel Institute type 316 specification as shown by the analysis given in Table 1.
402 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the theory of swelling is reviewed in terms of basic concepts and simulation and impurity effects, and the basic theory employs the formalism of chemical reaction rates, e.g., voids, dislocations, etc.
Abstract: The theory of swelling is reviewed in terms of basic concepts and simulation and impurity effects. The basic theory employs the formalism of chemical reaction rates. Efficiencies of voids, dislocat...
272 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of cavity formation and swelling in non-fissile materials during neutron irradiation and charged particle bombardments is presented, which is explainable in terms of cavity nucleation on submicroscopic critical size gas bubbles, and on the influence of the neutral sink strength of such bubbles.
Abstract: Cavity (void) formation and swelling in non-fissile materials during neutron irradiation and charged particle bombardments are reviewed. Helium is the most important inert gas and is primarily active as a cavity nucleant. It also enhances formation of dislocation structure. Preimplantation of helium overstimulates cavity nucleation and gives a different temperature response of swelling than when helium is coimplanted during the damage process. Helium affects, and is affected by, radiation-induced phase instability. Many of these effects are explainable in terms of cavity nucleation on submicroscopic critical size gas bubbles, and on the influence of the neutral sink strength of such bubbles. Titanium and zirconium resist cavity formation when vacancy loops are present.
172 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a hard sphere equation of state is developed in order to describe inert gas behaviour at high temperatures and/or pressures, and the use of the hard sphere EOS in modelling fission gas behaviour during a thermal transient is shown to be a more robust estimator of the fissure gas pressure in bubbles than the reduced van der Waals EOS.
79 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of the helium to displacement per atom ratio on microstructural evolution, with emphasis on austenitic stainless steels, were analyzed to determine mechanistic trends and a model calibrated to the fission reactor data was used to extrapolate to fusion conditions.
62 citations