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Journal ArticleDOI

Analytical strategies for renewable distributed generation integration considering energy loss minimization

01 May 2013-Applied Energy (Elsevier BV)-Vol. 105, pp 75-85
TL;DR: In this article, three alternative analytical expressions, including two new expressions, were presented to determine the optimum sizes and operating strategy of distributed generation (DG) units considering power loss minimization and a methodology to identify the best location.
About: This article is published in Applied Energy.The article was published on 2013-05-01. It has received 254 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Distributed generation & Renewable energy.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors comprehensively review various research works on the technical, environmental and economic benefits of renewable DG integration such as line-loss reduction, reliability improvement, economic benefits and environmental pollution optimisation.
Abstract: Recent advances in renewable energy technologies and changes in the electric utility infrastructures have increased the interest of the power utilities in utilisation of distributed generation (DG) resources to generate electricity. The recent trends in the development and utilisation of DG resources for power generation application are subject to the deregulation of the electric power sector and technical constraints to extend distribution and transmission networks to some areas. The electric power system planners, regulators and the policy makers have derived many benefits from integration of DG units into the distribution networks. These benefits depend on the characteristics of DG units such as photovoltaic (PV), wind system and reciprocating engines, characteristics of the loads, local renewable resources and network configuration. This study comprehensively reviews various research works on the technical, environmental and economic benefits of renewable DG integration such as line-loss reduction, reliability improvement, economic benefits and environmental pollution optimisation. These benefits can be optimised if all the renewable DG units are optimally sized, located and configured. This study also reviews the current status of renewable DG technologies based on different characteristics and the operational issues of integration of renewable DG into the electric power systems.

420 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of recent optimization methods applied to solve the problem of placement and sizing of distributed generation units from renewable energy sources based on a classification of the most recent and highly cited papers.

345 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive review and critical discussion of state-of-the-art analytical techniques for optimal planning of renewable distributed generation is conducted, and a comparative analysis of analytical techniques is presented to show their suitability for distributed generation planning in terms of various optimization criteria.

327 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an integrated methodology that considers renewable distributed generation (RDG) and demand responses (DR) as options for planning distribution systems in a transition towards low-carbon sustainability is presented.
Abstract: This study presents an integrated methodology that considers renewable distributed generation (RDG) and demand responses (DR) as options for planning distribution systems in a transition towards low-carbon sustainability. It is assumed that demand responsiveness is enabled by real-time pricing (RTP), and the problem has been formulated as a dynamic two-stage model. It co-optimizes the allocation of renewables [including wind and solar photovoltaic (PV)], non-renewable DG units (gas turbines) and smart metering (SM) simultaneously with network reinforcement for minimizing the total economic and carbon-emission costs over planning horizons. The behavior compliance to RTP is described through a nodal-based DR model, in which the fading effect attended during the load recovery is highlighted. Besides, uncertainties associated with renewable energy generation and price-responsiveness of customers are also taken into account and represented by multiple probabilistic scenarios. The proposed methodology is implemented by employing an efficient hybrid algorithm and applied to a typical distribution test system. The results demonstrate the effectiveness in improving the efficiency of RDG operations and mitigating CO2 footprint of distribution systems, when compared with the conventional planning paradigms.

281 citations


Cites methods from "Analytical strategies for renewable..."

  • ...For the same objective, an analytical technique to the planning is described in [5], and a multi-period optimal flow analysis is carried out by [6] in which the smart control schemes are considered....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the classical and heuristic approaches for optimal sizing and placement of DG units in distribution networks and study their impacts on utilities and customers is presented, and an attempt has also been made to compare the analytical (classical) and meta-heuristic techniques for optimal size and siting of DG in distribution network.
Abstract: To extract the maximum potential advantages in light of environmental, economical and technical aspects, the optimum installation and sizing of Distributed Generation (DG) in distribution network has always been challenging for utilities as well as customers. The installation of DG would be of maximum benefit where setting up of central power generating units are not practical, or in remote and small areas where the installation of transmission lines or availability of unused land is out of question. The objective of optimal installation of DG in distribution system is to achieve proper operation of distribution networks with minimization of the system losses, improvement of the voltage profile, enhanced system reliability, stability and loadability etc. In this respect analytical (classical) methods, although well-matched for small systems, perform adversely for large and complex objective functions. Unlike the analytical (classical) methods, the intelligent techniques for optimal sizing and siting of DGs are speedy, possess good convergence characteristics, and are well suited for large and complex systems. However, to find a global optimal solution of complex multi-objective problems, a hybrid of two or more meta-heuristic optimization techniques give more effective and reliable solution. This paper presents the fundamentals of DG and DG technologies review the classical and heuristic approaches for optimal sizing and placement of DG units in distribution networks and study their impacts on utilities and customers. An attempt has also been made to compare the analytical (classical) and meta-heuristic techniques for optimal sizing and siting of DG in distribution networks. The present study can contribute meaningful knowledge and assist as a reference for investigators and utility engineers on issues to be considered for optimal sizing and siting of DG units in distribution systems.

266 citations


Cites background or methods from "Analytical strategies for renewable..."

  • ...(2) Reactive Power Losses A number of DG technologies are also incapable to delivering reactive power such as kVAR compensator and synchronous compensator [10,11]....

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  • ...An analytical based technique More accurate and efficient, Losses are significantly reduced Required more time for complex system [11,20,21,23,24,36,41]...

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  • ...Analytical approach for biomass, wind and solar operated DG sizing and placement Minimize system energy loss, the impact of dispatchable DG more as compare to non-dispatchable DG on system energy reduction [11,24,36,41]...

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  • ...Many DG technologies are capable of delivering active and reactive power such as synchronous generators [10,11]....

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  • ...(1) Active Power Losses Some DG technologies are competent to delivering active power such as solar photo voltaic, micro turbines and fuel cells [10,11]....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The hurricane of war and occupation which, after only five days of fighting, swept the Netherlands for fully five years has heavily damaged this country as mentioned in this paper, with the exception of a very small group which turned against the Dutch people in its struggle against suppression and enslavement, a conduct for which they have now to pay the penalty.
Abstract: THE hurricane of war and occupation which, after only five days of fighting, swept the Netherlands for fully five years has heavily damaged this country. With the exception of a very small group which turned against the Dutch people in its struggle against suppression and enslavement, a conduct for which they have now to pay the penalty, the Dutch community has suffered deeply. The Germans inflicted smarting wounds on the Dutch body. They cared not what means they used, for they served only their own purpose -the German war effort, coupled with a sadistic desire for destruction, suppression, and humiliation. To understand the problems which the Netherlands has to face in its eco-

2,175 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the problem of capacitors placement on a radial distribution system is formulated and a solution algorithm is proposed, where the location, type, and size of the capacitors, voltage constraints, and load variations are considered.
Abstract: The problem of capacitor placement on a radial distribution system is formulated and a solution algorithm is proposed. The location, type, and size of capacitors, voltage constraints, and load variations are considered. The objective of capacitor placement is peak power and energy loss reduction, taking into account the cost of the capacitors. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer programming problem. The power flows in the system are explicitly represented, and the voltage constraints are incorporated. A solution method has been implemented that decomposes the problem into a master problem and a slave problem. The master problem is used to determine the location of the capacitors. The slave problem is used by the master problem to determine the type and size of the capacitors placed on the system. In solving the slave problem, and efficient phase I-phase II algorithm is used. >

1,832 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of grid code technical requirements regarding the connection of large wind farms to the electric power systems, including active and reactive power regulation, voltage and frequency operating limits and wind farm behaviour during grid disturbances.
Abstract: This paper provides an overview of grid code technical requirements regarding the connection of large wind farms to the electric power systems. The grid codes examined are generally compiled by transmission system operators (TSOs) of countries or regions with high wind penetration and therefore incorporate the accumulated experience after several years of system operation at significant wind penetration levels. The paper focuses on the most important technical requirements for wind farms, included in most grid codes, such as active and reactive power regulation, voltage and frequency operating limits and wind farm behaviour during grid disturbances. The paper also includes a review of modern wind turbine technologies, regarding their capability of satisfying the requirements set by the codes, demonstrating that recent developments in wind turbine technology provide wind farms with stability and regulation capabilities directly comparable to those of conventional generating plants.

1,331 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a methodology has been proposed for optimally allocating different types of renewable distributed generation (DG) units in the distribution system so as to minimize annual energy loss.
Abstract: It is widely accepted that renewable energy sources are the key to a sustainable energy supply infrastructure since they are both inexhaustible and nonpolluting. A number of renewable energy technologies are now commercially available, the most notable being wind power, photovoltaic, solar thermal systems, biomass, and various forms of hydraulic power. In this paper, a methodology has been proposed for optimally allocating different types of renewable distributed generation (DG) units in the distribution system so as to minimize annual energy loss. The methodology is based on generating a probabilistic generation-load model that combines all possible operating conditions of the renewable DG units with their probabilities, hence accommodating this model in a deterministic planning problem. The planning problem is formulated as mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP), with an objective function for minimizing the system's annual energy losses. The constraints include the voltage limits, the feeders' capacity, the maximum penetration limit, and the discrete size of the available DG units. This proposed technique has been applied to a typical rural distribution system with different scenarios, including all possible combinations of the renewable DG units. The results show that a significant reduction in annual energy losses is achieved for all the proposed scenarios.

1,243 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an analytical expression to calculate the optimal size and an effective methodology to identify the corresponding optimum location for DG placement for minimizing the total power losses in primary distribution systems is proposed.

1,060 citations