Journal Article•
Analyzing Likert Data
01 Apr 2012-The Journal of Extension (Extension Journal, Inc. e-mail: joe-ed@joe.org; Web site: http://www.joe.org)-Vol. 50, Iss: 2, pp 48
TL;DR: The differences between Lkert-type and Likert scale data are discussed and recommendations for descriptive statistics to be used during the analysis are provided and once a researcher understands the difference, the decision on appropriate statistical procedures will be apparent.
Abstract: This article provides information for Extension professionals on the correct analysis of Likert data. The analyses of Likert-type and Likert scale data require unique data analysis procedures, and as a result, misuses and/or mistakes often occur. This article discusses the differences between Likert-type and Likert scale data and provides recommendations for descriptive statistics to be used during the analysis. Once a researcher understands the difference between Likert-type and Likert scale data, the decision on appropriate statistical procedures will be apparent.
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TL;DR: In this article, a review of the available literature and then clubbing the received information with coherent scientific thinking, the authors attempt to gradually build a construct around Likert scale.
Abstract: Likert scale is applied as one of the most fundamental and frequently used psychometric tools in educational and social sciences research. Simultaneously, it is also subjected to a lot of debates and controversies in regards with the analysis and inclusion of points on the scale. With this context, through reviewing the available literature and then clubbing the received information with coherent scientific thinking, this paper attempts to gradually build a construct around Likert scale. This analytical review begins with the necessity of psychometric tools like Likert scale andits variants and focuses on some convoluted issues like validity, reliability and analysis of the scale.
1,346 citations
Cites background or methods from "Analyzing Likert Data"
...The scale used so can be labeled as Likert type and not Likert scale [16]....
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...responded by all individuals, then this individualistic summative score (for all the items) of a participant shows a sensible realistic distance from the individual summative score of another individual; hence, can be labeled as ‘interval estimates’ [26,16]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the results of a survey conducted through an anonymous questionnaire made in collaboration with Insubria University, with particular attention to sustainability issues and the application of circular economy principles.
Abstract: The significant changes which have occurred in the competitive scenario in which fashion companies operate, combined with deep transformation in the lifestyles of final consumers, translate into the need to redefine the business models. Starting from a general overview of the emerging trends today affecting the fashion industry, the paper will devote particular attention to the analysis of the most important phenomena that are influencing this market and the drivers for long-lasting competitiveness: sustainability and attention to the so-called circular economy. According to the literature, from the consumer behavior’s point of view, the younger generations are paying growing attention to these issues. In light of these considerations, this paper aimed to analyze how sustainability and circular economy principles are influencing the perception of the fashion world among the new generations of consumers. After mapping the emerging trends in the fashion industry and analyzing the role of sustainability from both the demand and supply side, this paper presents the results of a survey conducted through an anonymous questionnaire made in collaboration with Insubria University. The results of the survey describe the students’ behaviour as regards fashion’s emerging trends, with particular attention to sustainability issues and the application of circular economy principles. The survey results were analyzed from both a descriptive and quantitative point of view with the aim to check the different perceptions as regards sustainable fashion and circular economy in fashion, focusing mainly on the so-called Generation Z. The results of the analysis proved to be consistent with the theoretical framework and confirm the relevance of sustainability issues in the fashion industry today in driving the demand of Generation Z, by considering a gender perspective. Moreover, the circular economy is descriptively analyzed with the aim to understand the relevance of the different facets for the entire sample of respondents.
174 citations
Cites methods from "Analyzing Likert Data"
...Some questions were elaborated using the five-point Likert scale [86]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the impact of EM dimensions on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Kosovo and found that respondents tend to be highly opportunity focused and understand the importance of resource leveraging.
Abstract: When traditional marketing practices are unsuitable for small and medium enterprises, entrepreneurs have to unlearn traditional principles and replace them with new innovative thoughts and actions, such as entrepreneurial marketing (EM). This paper examines the impact of EM dimensions on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Kosovo. Findings reveal that respondents tend to be highly opportunity focused and understand the importance of resource leveraging. While value creation is seen as a very important entrepreneurial marketing dimension, respondents are reserved with respect to taking risks; furthermore, they do not tend to be proactive, innovative nor customer oriented. Finally, the limitations of the study and the suggestions for future research are provided.
118 citations
14 Mar 2016
TL;DR: The data shows that practitioners agree that using user stories, a user story template and quality guidelines such as the INVEST mnemonic improve their productivity and the quality of their work deliverables.
Abstract: [Context and motivation] User stories are an increasingly popular textual notation to capture requirements in agile software development. [Question/Problem] To date there is no scientific evidence on the effectiveness of user stories. The goal of this paper is to explore how practicioners perceive this artifact in the context of requirements engineering. [Principal ideas/results] We explore perceived effectiveness of user stories by reporting on a survey with 182 responses from practitioners and 21 follow-up semi-structured interviews. The data shows that practitioners agree that using user stories, a user story template and quality guidelines such as the INVEST mnemonic improve their productivity and the quality of their work deliverables. [Contribution] By combining the survey data with 21 semi-structured follow-up interviews, we present 12 findings on the usage and perception of user stories by practitioners that employ user stories in their everyday work environment.
116 citations
Cites methods from "Analyzing Likert Data"
...To report on central tendency and variability of ordinal data, Boone and Boone [4] recommend using the median or mode and frequencies....
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...To confirm that the variability is from independent populations, Boone and Boone recommend using the statistical χ-square test for independence....
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References
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Book•
01 Jan 1932
TL;DR: The instrument to be described here is not, however, indirect in the usual sense of the word; it does not seek responses to items apparently unrelated to the attitudes investigated, and seeks to measure prejudice in a manner less direct than is true of the usual prejudice scale.
Abstract: THIS paper describes a technique which has been developed for the measurement of race prejudice. This technique differs from most prejudice inventories in that it avoids the following assumptions: (a) that the individual can say, to his own or the investigator's satisfaction, "This is how prejudiced I am," and (b) that, to the extent that the individual can accurately assess his degree of antipathy, he will report honestly the findings of such introspection. Most sociologists would perhaps agree that race attitudes rarely reside on a completely articulate level. Even where the individual holds to intellectual or ideological convictions which would seem to leave no room for out-group antipathies, such do persevere. Thus, we may expect the number of Americans who honestly think themselves "unprejudiced" to be considerably larger than effective research would reveal. Moreover, the number who present themselves as unprejudiced probably exceeds considerably the number who honestly, though often inaccurately, see themselves in this light. Most indirect techniques for the measurement of attitudes have their rationale in observations such as these. The instrument to be described here is not, however, indirect in the usual sense of the word; it does not seek responses to items apparently unrelated to the attitudes investigated. We do, however, seek to measure prejudice in a manner less direct than is true of the usual prejudice scale. In our instrument we seek to measure anti-Negro prejudice. Persons are called upon to respond on social distance scales to whites and Negroes who occupy a variety of occupational positions. The measure of prejudice is derived through the summation of the differences in distance responses to Negroes as opposed to whites in the same occupations. Thus, for lack of a better label,
12,492 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: This education text helps you master the basic competencies necessary to understand and evaluate the research of others and familiarize you with common research problems in a step-by-step manner.
Abstract: Become a more competent consumer and producer of research with INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH IN EDUCATION with InfoTrac! Known for its exceptionally clear writing style and comprehensive coverage, this education text helps you master the basic competencies necessary to understand and evaluate the research of others The authors familiarize you with common research problems in a step-by-step manner through examples that clarify complex concepts and strong end-of-chapter exercises This text is a must read for anyone planning to conduct their own research or interpret the research of others
7,172 citations
TL;DR: Using individual (not summated) Likert-type items (questions) as measurement tools is common in agricultural education research The Journal of Agricultural Education published 188 research articles in Volumes 27 through 32.
Abstract: Using individual (not summated) Likert-type items (questions) as measurement tools is common in agricultural education research The Journal of Agricultural Education published 188 research articles in Volumes 27 through 32 Responses to individual Likert-type items on measurement instruments were analyzed in 95, or more than half, of these articles After reviewing the articles analyzing individual Likert-type items, 5 1 (54%) reported only descriptive statistics (eg, means, standard deviations, frequencies/percentages by category) Paired Likert-type items or sets of items were compared using nonparametric statistical techniques (eg, chi-square homogeneity tests, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon U tests, Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance tests) in 12 (13%) of the articles Means for paired Likert-type items were compared using parametric statistical procedures (eg t-tests or analysis of variance F-tests) in 32 (34%) of the articles
676 citations
"Analyzing Likert Data" refers methods in this paper
...While Likert used a five-point scale, other variations of his response alternatives are appropriate, including the deletion of the neutral response (Clason & Dormody, 1994)....
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...Likert-Type Versus Likert Scales Clason and Dormody (1994) described the difference between Likert-type items and Likert scales....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors surveyed and assessed Extension agents from two demographically different regions in Florida on perceptions and attitudes about the need, quality, and dissemination of Spanish Extension materials.
Abstract: Hispanics are the country's fastest growing minority group. The study reported here surveyed and assessed Extension agents from two demographically different regions in Florida on perceptions and attitudes about the need, quality, and dissemination of Spanish Extension materials. Results showed Extension programs are important sources of information for Spanish-speakers from a region with a high population of Hispanics. However, Extension agents do not feel adequately prepared to reach this audience, and resources are insufficient, especially on critical environmental topics relevant to the audience. The study demonstrates the need to develop regionally and culturally relevant Spanish Extension materials for urban Spanish-speakers.
39 citations
Additional excerpts
...…2011; Hines, Hansen, & Falen, 2011; Kalambokidia, 2011; Kroth & Peutz, 2011; Singletary, Emm, & Hill, 2011), six-point Likert alternatives (Allen, Varner, & Sallee, 2011; Beaudreault & Miller, 2011; Wyman et al., 2011), and a seven-point Likert alternative (Walker, Vaught, Walker, & Nusz, 2011)....
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...The articles published in 2011 included 4-point Likert alternatives (Behnke & Kelly, 2011; Robinson & Shepard, 2011), five-point Likert alternatives (Diker, Walters, Cunningham-Sabo, & Baker, 2011; Elizer, 2011; Hines, Hansen, & Falen, 2011; Kalambokidia, 2011; Kroth & Peutz, 2011; Singletary, Emm, & Hill, 2011), six-point Likert alternatives (Allen, Varner, & Sallee, 2011; Beaudreault & Miller, 2011; Wyman et al., 2011), and a seven-point Likert alternative (Walker, Vaught, Walker, & Nusz, 2011)....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: The Building Extension's Public Value (BEPV) workshop was developed to help University of Minnesota Extension faculty identify their programs' public value and draft "public value messages" which they could use to better advocate for their programs as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In recent years, the idea that Extension can build support for its programs by highlighting how they benefit people who have no contact with the programs has taken root in the Extension system. Providing Extension program teams with resources, training, and leadership can lead to a body of public value messages that can infuse Extension's stakeholder communications. Hundreds of Extension professionals have received public value training, and survey results suggest that many trainees are following up with actions. Many trainees see positive effects from the public value approach, but measurable impacts will take more time. Extension's Public Value Extension program teams can readily provide evidence of their programs' private value, or direct benefits to program participants. They can produce program evaluations showing how individuals, families, or businesses gained from participation. They can share testimonials by people who have had positive experiences with Extension and even demonstrate that some are willing to pay to participate in a program. But Extension also creates public value when its programs induce participants to act in ways that benefit others in the community. For example, when an Extension program teaches a farmer commodity marketing techniques that will help her better manage risk and she subsequently adopts those techniques, she not only improves her own business outcomes, she contributes to a more stable local economy. While direct beneficiaries of Extension programs have always been a source of crucial political support for Extension, demonstrating our public value can be the key to shoring up support from the rest of the population. As Morse (2009) explains, "Benefits to participants alone are not sufficient because of the way Extension is funded. If Extension were funded only by user fees, then knowing the private value, or the benefits to participants, would be sufficient." (Morse (2009), p. 224). But focusing on private value is not enough, as long as the public sector remains an important source of Extension's funding. Indeed, under persistent budgetary pressures, many Extension organizations have made demonstrating public value a high priority. In 2002, the Building Extension's Public Value (BEPV) workshop was developed to help University of Minnesota Extension faculty identify their programs' public value and draft "public value messages," which they could use to better advocate for their programs (Kalambokidis, 2004)). Since then, various versions of Spreading the Word About Extension's Public Value 04/28/11 07:01:51
33 citations
Additional excerpts
...…& Shepard, 2011), five-point Likert alternatives (Diker, Walters, Cunningham-Sabo, & Baker, 2011; Elizer, 2011; Hines, Hansen, & Falen, 2011; Kalambokidia, 2011; Kroth & Peutz, 2011; Singletary, Emm, & Hill, 2011), six-point Likert alternatives (Allen, Varner, & Sallee, 2011; Beaudreault &…...
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...The articles published in 2011 included 4-point Likert alternatives (Behnke & Kelly, 2011; Robinson & Shepard, 2011), five-point Likert alternatives (Diker, Walters, Cunningham-Sabo, & Baker, 2011; Elizer, 2011; Hines, Hansen, & Falen, 2011; Kalambokidia, 2011; Kroth & Peutz, 2011; Singletary, Emm, & Hill, 2011), six-point Likert alternatives (Allen, Varner, & Sallee, 2011; Beaudreault & Miller, 2011; Wyman et al....
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