Anatomic correlates of the face and oral cavity representations in the somatosensory cortical area 3b of monkeys.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the representations of the face and mouth are highly similar across individuals of the same species, and there are extensive overall similarities across these two species of New World monkeys.
Abstract: We determined the somatotopy of the face and the oral cavity representation in cortical area 3b of New World owl monkeys and squirrel monkeys Area 3b is apparent as a densely myelinated strip in brain sections cut parallel to the surface of flattened cortex A narrow myelin-light septum that we have termed the "hand-face septum" separates the hand representation from the more lateral face and mouth representation The face and oral cavity representation is further divided into a series of myelin-dense ovals We show that three ovals adjacent to the hand representation correspond to the upper face, upper lip, and chin plus lower lip, whereas three or four more rostral ovals successively represent the contralateral teeth, tongue, and the ipsilateral teeth and tongue Strips of cortex lateral and medial to the area 3b ovals, possibly corresponding to area 1 and area 3a, respectively, have similar somatotopic sequences Although previous results suggest the existence of great variability within and across primate species, we conclude that the representations of the face and mouth are highly similar across individuals of the same species, and there are extensive overall similarities across these two species of New World monkeys
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TL;DR: These are the first investigations of the oral sensory representation of food texture and fat in the human brain, and they start to reveal brain mechanisms that may be important in texture-related sensory properties of foods that make them palatable and that may accordingly play a role in the hedonic responses to foods, the control of food intake, and obesity.
Abstract: Important factors that influence food palatability are its texture and fat content. We investigated their representation in the human brain using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. It was shown that the viscosity of oral stimuli is represented in the (primary) taste cortex in the anterior insula, in which activation was proportional to the log of the viscosity of a cellulose stimulus (carboxymethyl cellulose), and was also produced by sucrose. Oral viscosity was also represented in a mid-insular region that was posterior to the taste cortex. Third, it was found that oral delivery of fatty vegetable oil activates both of these insular cortex regions, the hypothalamus, and the dorsal midanterior cingulate cortex. Fourth, it was found that the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, where it borders the medial orbitofrontal cortex, was activated by oral fat independently of its viscosity and was also activated by sucrose taste. This ventral anterior cingulate region thus represents two indicators of the energy content and palatability of foods. These are the first investigations of the oral sensory representation of food texture and fat in the human brain, and they start to reveal brain mechanisms that may be important in texture-related sensory properties of foods that make them palatable and that may accordingly play a role in the hedonic responses to foods, the control of food intake, and obesity.
333 citations
Cites background from "Anatomic correlates of the face and..."
...It is known that more posterior to this region in owl monkeys (Jain et al., 2001), the caudal part of the face representation in area 3b extends anteriorly beneath the central sulcus and above the upper bank of the lateral sulcus....
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...The representation of the oral cavity is located rostrally to this region extending to the orbitofrontal cortex (Manger et al., 1996; Jain et al., 2001)....
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Salk Institute for Biological Studies1, Gatsby Charitable Foundation2, University of California, San Diego3, Broad Institute4, McGovern Institute for Brain Research5, University of Pittsburgh6, National Institutes of Health7, University of Rochester8, Oregon Health & Science University9, Oregon National Primate Research Center10, Boston Children's Hospital11, Center for Neural Science12, Keio University13, RIKEN Brain Science Institute14, University of California, Los Angeles15, United States Department of Veterans Affairs16
TL;DR: Several recent advances have been described and their potential to advance the understanding of the human brain and brain disorders, discuss bioethical considerations, and describe what will be needed to move forward are described.
221 citations
Cites background from "Anatomic correlates of the face and..."
...Cortical area 3b of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) displays a disproportionally large representation of the hand and the face (Jain et al., 2001)....
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TL;DR: These results represent the first simultaneous imaging of pain-associated activation at three levels of the neuraxis in individual subjects and will be useful for exploring central correlates of plasticity in models of experimental and clinical pain.
Abstract: Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to image pain-associated activity in three levels of the neuraxis: the medullary dorsal horn, thalamus, and primary somatosensory cortex. In nine subjects, noxious thermal stimuli (46°C) were applied to the facial skin at sites within the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve (V1, V2, and V3) and also to the ipsilateral thumb. Anatomical and functional data were acquired to capture activation across the spinothalamocortical pathway in each individual. Significant activation was observed in the ipsilateral spinal trigeminal nucleus within the medulla and lower pons in response to at least one of the three facial stimuli in all applicable data sets. Activation from the three facial stimulation sites exhibited a somatotopic organization along the longitudinal (rostrocaudal) axis of the brain stem that was consistent with the classically described “onion skin” pattern of sensory deficits observed in patients after trigeminal tractotomy. In the thalamus, activation was observed in the contralateral side involving the ventroposteromedial and dorsomedial nuclei after stimulation of the face and in the ventroposterolateral and dorsomedial nuclei after stimulation of the thumb. Activation in the primary somatosensory cortex displayed a laminar sequence that resembled the trigeminal nucleus, with V2 more rostral, V1 caudal, and V3 medial, abutting the region of cortical activation observed for the thumb. These results represent the first simultaneous imaging of pain-associated activation at three levels of the neuraxis in individual subjects. This approach will be useful for exploring central correlates of plasticity in models of experimental and clinical pain.
207 citations
Cites background from "Anatomic correlates of the face and..."
...Anatomical data in primates has defined a complex somatotopic representation of the face in S1 (Manger et al., 1996; Jain et al., 2001)....
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...A similar pattern of isolated “islands” of activation within the cortex after facial stimulation in monkeys has been shown using electrophysiology (Jain et al., 2001)....
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TL;DR: The neurobiology of the ocular surface is characterized and relevant mechanisms that may underpin contact lens-related discomfort are highlighted, including components of osmolarity, solution effects, desiccation, thermal effects, inflammation, friction, and mechanical stimulation.
Abstract: This report characterizes the neurobiology of the ocular surface and highlights relevant mechanisms that may underpin contact lens-related discomfort. While there is limited evidence for the mechanisms involved in contact lens-related discomfort, neurobiological mechanisms in dry eye disease, the inflammatory pathway, the effect of hyperosmolarity on ocular surface nociceptors, and subsequent sensory processing of ocular pain and discomfort have been at least partly elucidated and are presented herein to provide insight in this new arena. The stimulus to the ocular surface from a contact lens is likely to be complex and multifactorial, including components of osmolarity, solution effects, desiccation, thermal effects, inflammation, friction, and mechanical stimulation. Sensory input will arise from stimulation of the lid margin, palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, and the cornea.
194 citations
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: The unique anatomy of the pathway for facial sensations, involving the trigeminal ganglion and its associated nuclei within the brainstem, and the opportunities that this offers for training and rehabilitation are addressed.
Abstract: This chapter addresses the unique anatomy of the pathway for facial sensations, involving the trigeminal ganglion and its associated nuclei within the brainstem. The innervation of specialized cranial structures such as the teeth, tongue, oral and nasal mucosa, cornea, meninges, and conjunctiva are considered. This chapter will also address trigeminal mechanisms in clinically relevant conditions such as toothache, headache and trigeminal neuralgia including using advances in imaging techniques and resolution. Thus it is now possible to obtain functional MR images (fMRI) of the trigeminal pathway from ganglion to cortex. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and fMRI techniques have provided more details on cortical organization in facial regions of both S1 and S2, while diffusion tensor imaging has been useful for visualizing trigeminothalamic pathways. Plasticity of the system after injury, its association with pain conditions, and the opportunities that this offers for training and rehabilitation, are further areas of current research that are discussed.
179 citations
References
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TL;DR: The author describes how his methods of investigation with celloidin embedded material prepared with the Golgi method and Nissl staining revealed for the first time the “barrel fields” of the mouse cerebral cortex that are activated by stimulation of the facial vibrissae (whiskers).
2,052 citations
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TL;DR: I have removed the glands of the neck on both sides for cancer of the tongue, but not when the tongue cancer was limited to one side, and there is a deep depression left under the jaw, which is slightly disfiguring; and in removing it some ot the fibres of the facial nerve which go up to the angle of -the mouth are sometimes cut, so that control of that angle of the mouth may be slightly affected.
Abstract: removal of that gland increases the severity of the operation, and there is a deep depression left under the jaw, which is slightly disfiguring; and in removing it some ot the fibres of the facial nerve which go up to the angle of -the mouth are sometimes cut, so that control of that angle of the mouth may be slightly affected. About three years ago it occurredtome that I might turn up the submaxillary salivary gland from below, and clear out the contents of the submaxillary triangle from beneath it, and the gland or glands which lie embedded in the salivary gland, then lay the salivary gland back in its place once more. I did that in three instances and those cases gave me the greatest anxiety. One of the patients is dead, and I think he died from having had his salivary gland eft, because, a year after the operation, he came back with a big mass, growing from the lower part of the gland almost into the pharynx. And although I made a very large operation for the.removal of it he died of recurrence of the disease a few months afterwards. In bath the other cases I have been disappointed at the result. from what may be termed a cosmetic point of view; the gland bulges a little, and there is a prominence instead. of a depression. I think the patients are safe, because it is some time since I operated on them. I do not recommend you to take this course, for the advantages are not nearly great enough to justify the risk. You will see that four of the first series of twenty-eight patients died of affection of the glands without recurrence in the mouth, which.seems a large number alter removal of the contents of the anterior triangle. But, in two of them, the glandular disease was so extensive that tbere was rapid recurrence in the neck itself. hl tbe other two unusual events occurred, and I direct your attention to these particularly. In one of the patients, although the primary disease was but a kind of button quite on the border of the tongue, and apparently not going far into the tongue, and although I removed it and the glands on that side successfully so that it never recurred in the tongue or in the glands on that side, he died of diseased glands on the other side of the neck. And that occurred about a year after the first operations. It grew very rapidly. I tried to remove the disease, but it was absolutely inoperable. You must take into account that in a certain number of cases-I cannot give you an idea of the proportion, but I think it must be small-the patient is liable, even with .disease limited to one border of the tongue, to affection of the glands on the other side of the neck. And this has led certain surgeons to recommend-though I do not think it has been done in this country-that the glands on both sides of the neck should be removed in every ease of cancer of the tongue. E. have not got to that stage yet. I doubt if I shall ever do so. I have removed the glands of the neck on both sides for cancer of the tongue, but not when the tongue cancer was limited to one side. I do not think at the present time circumstances warrant so large an operation as that, and I do not think the patients would submit to it. The remaining patient died of disease of the glands of the posterior triangle of the neck, and again the question arises, 's it necessary, or desirable, to remove the contents of the posterior triangle of the neck when the contents of the anterior triangle are removed ? I reply that experience has not taught me that this is necessary in the ordinary cases. That patient was the first person on whom I performed this operation of clearing out the anterior triangle. He had a bad cancer far back in his tongue, implicating the anterior half arch of the palate, and with that a great cancerous gland ander the mastoid muscle, in the parotid region; and I performed a large operation on the tongue and glands at one sitting; I fully expected that in a few months he would have recurrence of the disease. But to my great surprise he remained well for a year and a half, when he came to show me an enlargement of the glands in the posterior triangle, which he had recently discovered. I attempted to remove them, but they were matted in with nerves and vessels, and it was impossible. I made use of that experience in the case which I related at the beginning of the lecture. There was a large m2ass breaking down at the angle of the jaw beneath the sterno-mastoid muscle; I therefore cleared out the contents of the posterior triangle, where I found absolutely malignant glands. I think where the disease of the glands is only slight and not adherent, and where they are not badly diseasedin ,the parotid region you need not remove the contents of the posterior triangle; but if there is severe glandular disease in 'the parotid region, and beneath the sterno-mastoid, I feel sure you should not be content with removal of the contents of the anterior triangle, but should remove also the contents of the posterior triangle.down to the brachial plexus: b I have, naturally, been speaking of disease on only one side of the tongue. -lf the disease is in the middle line, as it sometimes is, or if it has spread from one side to the other, I am sorry to say you will have to take your courage into your hands, and remove the contents of the triangle on both sides of the.neck. I have done-so on several occasions, and the patients have made very good recoveries. That is an absolute necessity if you want to save your patient from recurrence and death from the disease. And now let me finally say that I am only giving you what I believe to be the beet advice, on my experience, up to this time. It is possible I may have to modify my opinions on some of these points, but I am not likely to modify them in the direction of makiDg a smaller operation than I have demonstrated to-day. I advise you, in every case of cancer of the tongue, even in the very earliest period, to recommend your patient most strongly to have not only the disease of the tongue removed, but if the disease is on one side to have the anterior triangle completely dissected out, and if the disease of the tongue is in the middle line to have thecontents of both triangles taken out.
1,108 citations
"Anatomic correlates of the face and..." refers background in this paper
...…layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus of primates (Kaas et al., 1973), and septa dividing the face, hand, and foot regions in the ventroposterior nucleus of the thalamus (Kaas et al., 1984; Jones, 1985) and in the brainstem dorsal columntrigeminal nuclear complex (Belford and Killackey, 1979)....
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TL;DR: For staining myelin with silver a physical development technique has been devised that can render visible the thinnest fibers in various animal species, including fishes and reptiles, even in the early phase of myelination and may be applied to both frozen and embedded materials.
Abstract: For staining myelin with silver a physical development technique has been devised that can render visible the thinnest fibers in various animal species, including fishes and reptiles, even in the early phase of myelination and may be applied to both frozen and embedded materials. Its principle is as follows: Myelin can form and bind colloidal silver particles in a 0.1% ammoniacal silver nitrate solution of pH 7.5. The production of metallic silver by other tissue elements is suppressed by the sections pretreated with a 2:1 mixture of pyridine and acetic anhydride for 30 min. The colloidal silver particles bound in the myelin are enlarged to microscopic dimensions by a special physical developer.
949 citations
"Anatomic correlates of the face and..." refers methods in this paper
...The sections were stained for myelin by a slightly modified (Jain et al., 1998) Gallyas (1979) procedure....
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TL;DR: In this article, the classical primary somatosensory cortex of monkeys consists of as many as four separate body representations rather than just one, and two complete body surface representations occupy cortical fields 3b and 1.
Abstract: Microelectrode mapping experiments indicate that the classical primary somatosensory cortex of monkeys consists of as many as four separate body representations rather than just one. Two complete body surface representations occupy cortical fields 3b and 1. In addition, area 2 contains an orderly representation of predominantly "deep" body tissues. Area 3a may constitute a fourth representation.
679 citations
500 citations
"Anatomic correlates of the face and..." refers background or result in this paper
...This interpretation for marmosets (Krubitzer and Kaas, 1990) is consistent with the evidence from nonprimate mammals that S2 and PV directly border S1 (Krubitzer et al., 1986; Krubitzer, 1995; Beck et al., 1996, also see Kaas, 1983)....
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...Significance of modular organization in the primary somatosensory cortex Area 3b of primates appears to be the homologue of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in other mammals (Kaas, 1983)....
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