Animaux aquatiques dangereux
TL;DR: La ciguatera est un empoisonnement du a l'ingestion d'animaux marins du recif corallien, en particulier de poissons de certains Dinoflagelles.
Abstract: Resume Les especes aquatiques dangereuses, vertebrees et invertebrees, sont pour la plupart marines. Les especes venimeuses injectent un venin ; ce sont des eponges, des vers, des oursins et etoiles de mer, des poulpes, et, les plus dangereuses, des meduses, des mollusques (les cones), des serpents (dans la region indopacifique) et plusieurs centaines d'especes de poissons (raies-armees, vives, rascasses, poissons-pierre…). Les especes veneneuses provoquent une intoxication lorsqu'elles sont ingerees ; ce sont, notamment, des bivalves dans le cas ou ils se sont nourris de certains Dinoflagelles (algues unicellulaires), et des poissons (clupeides, murenes, thons, tetraodons ou « fugu »…). La ciguatera est un empoisonnement du a l'ingestion d'animaux marins du recif corallien, en particulier de poissons. Certains animaux sont dangereux par leurs morsures (requins, barracudas…). Les animaux et leur biologie sont presentes ; l'appareil inoculateur dans le cas des animaux venimeux est decrit. La composition du venin est indiquee quand elle est connue. Les circonstances de l'accident, la clinique et le traitement de l'empoisonnement sont decrits.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present state-of-the-art of sensor technology for the detection of harmful substances and organisms in the ocean, classified by their adaptability to various platforms, addressing large, intermediate or small areal scales.
Abstract: . Marine environments are influenced by a wide diversity of anthropogenic and natural substances and organisms that may have adverse effects on human health and ecosystems. Real-time measurements of pollutants, toxins, and pathogens across a range of spatial scales are required to adequately monitor these hazards, manage the consequences, and to understand the processes governing their magnitude and distribution. Significant technological advancements have been made in recent years for the detection and analysis of such marine hazards. In particular, sensors deployed on a variety of mobile and fixed-point observing platforms provide a valuable means to assess hazards. In this review, we present state-of-the-art of sensor technology for the detection of harmful substances and organisms in the ocean. Sensors are classified by their adaptability to various platforms, addressing large, intermediate, or small areal scales. Current gaps and future demands are identified with an indication of the urgent need for new sensors to detect marine hazards at all scales in autonomous real-time mode. Progress in sensor technology is expected to depend on the development of small-scale sensor technologies with a high sensitivity and specificity towards target analytes or organisms. However, deployable systems must comply with platform requirements as these interconnect the three areal scales. Future developments will include the integration of existing methods into complex and operational sensing systems for a comprehensive strategy for long-term monitoring. The combination of sensor techniques on all scales will remain crucial for the demand of large spatial and temporal coverage.
116 citations
TL;DR: These two cases of envenomation call attention to the potential for injury among persons in close contact with venomous pets.
18 citations
07 Aug 2009
TL;DR: Quelques espèces, Dispholidus typus, le boomslang .africain, Thelotornis kirtlandii, ont un venin hautement toxique and ont pu être responsables d‘envenimations mortelles.
Abstract: Les aglyphes (fig. lA), dont toutes les dents sont pleines, c’està-dire incapables d’inoculation de salive, ne sont pas dangereux, même si la salive est réputée toxique. La majorité des espèces appartient à ce groupe qui comprend, outre les serpents (( primitifs )) fouisseurs Leptotyphlopidæ et Typhlopidæ, les Boidæ, boas et pythons, la plupart des Colubridæ ou couleuvres et quelques familles rares e t très spécialisées, Acrocordidæ, Aniliidæ, etc. Les opisthoglyphes (fig, 1B) possèdent des crochets sillonnés, permettant l’écoulement du venin lors de la morsure et à l’intérieur de la plaie. Toutefois ces dents sont placées en arrière du maxillaire et, en règle générale, ne constituent pas un risque sérieux pour l’homme en cas de morsure accidentelle. Les représentants de ce groupe appartiennent tous à la famille des Colubridæ. Quelques espèces, Dispholidus typus, le boomslang .africain, Thelotornis kirtlandii, ont un venin hautement toxique et ont pu être responsables d‘envenimations mortelles. Les protéroglyphes (fig. IC) ont un maxillaire court, orné à l’avant d’une dent fixe canaliculée, qui met le venin sous pression comme dans une seringue hypodermique. A ce groupe se rattachent deux familles, les Elapidæ, cobras, mambas et serpents corail, et les Hydrophidæ ou serpents marins. Certaines espèces, notamment Naja nigricollis et Naja mossambica, encore appelés (( cracheurs africains)), sont capables de projeter leur venin à distance (de l’ordre de 2 ou 3mètres) sous forme de fines gouttelettes.
8 citations
TL;DR: Habituellement peu dangereuses, les envenimations liees aux especes marines endemiques de the metropole sont principalement soignees par les secouristes des postes de secours.
Abstract: Some intoxications are more specifically linked to the Aquitaine region than to other regions of France, due to environmental circumstances (fauna, flora, climate) or traditional activities (gastronomy). Three types of intoxications are particular in this area. Pine processionary caterpillar envenomations (Thaumetopoea pityocampa), a Southern Europe pinewood parasite, are frequently encountered in the Landes' forest. They are responsible of ocular and/or skin lesions with urticaria or contact dermatitis, seldom associated with immediate IgE hypersensitivity. According to the south Atlantic coastal region geology and the marine streams, venomous marine animals are mainly located in Charente-Maritime for jellyfish, in Gironde and in Landes for weeverfish and in Atlantic Pyrenees for sea anemone. Usually not dangerous, first-aid workers treat most cases of these envenomations. Some endemic mushrooms (Tricholoma auratum) which grow on the dunes of the Atlantic coastal region, are usually considered as very good comestibles, but were recently responsible for serious intoxications: T.auratum was responsible of several cases of rhabdomyolysis, without neurological involvement, nor renal or hepatic lesion. Three deaths were notified. Animal studies confirmed the responsibility of the mushrooms.
7 citations
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463 citations
TL;DR: Clinical observations on ciguatera were collected between 1964 and 1977 on 3,009 patients from several South Pacific island groups, suggesting a susceptibility difference, or a difference in the nature of the toxin found in different areas of the Pacific.
Abstract: Clinical observations on ciguatera were collected between 1964 and 1977 on 3,009 patients from several South Pacific island groups. Patients generally presented with neurologic symptoms such as parasthesia, vertigo, and ataxia, in addition to gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Patients with this illness usually became symptomatic less than 24 hours after ingestion of the fish and most patients (76.8%) developed symptoms in less than 12 hours. Significant differences in certain symptoms were noted between Melanesian and Polynesian ethnic groups, suggesting a susceptibility difference, or a difference in the nature of the toxin found in different areas of the Pacific. Being poisoned multiple times appeared to result in a clinically more severe illness than disease observed in patients experiencing ciguatera for the first time.
307 citations
TL;DR: Scombroid-fish poisoning is associated with urinary excretion of histamine in quantities far exceeding those required to produce toxicity, most likely derived from the spoiled fish.
Abstract: Background. The highest morbidity worldwide from fish poisoning results from the ingestion of spoiled scombroid fish, such as tuna and mackerel, and its cause is not clear. Histamine could be responsible, because spoiled scombroid fish contain large quantities of histamine. Whether histamine is the causative toxin, however, has remained in question. To address this issue, we investigated whether histamine homeostasis is altered in poisoned people. Methods. The urinary excretion of histamine and its metabolite, N-methylhistamine, was measured in three persons who had scombroid-fish poisoning (scombrotoxism) after the ingestion of marlin. We measured 9α, 11β-dihydroxy-15–oxo–2,3,18,19-tetranorprost-5-ene-1,20-dioic acid (PGD-M), the principal metabolite of prostaglandin D2, a mast-cell secretory product, to assess whether mast cells had been activated to release histamine. Results. The fish contained high levels of histamine (842 to 2503 μmol per 100 g of tissue). Symptoms of scombrotoxism — flushi...
264 citations
TL;DR: Results showed the production of TTX and anhydroTTX in the Vibrio sp.
Abstract: Vibrio sp. isolated from a xanthid crab, Atergatis floridus, was cultured, and tetrodotoxin (TTX) and anhydroTTX were indicated to be present in several fractions of the cell extract and the culture medium by reverse phase HPLC. The presence of the C9-base in alkaline hydrolyzates of these fractions was confirmed by GC-MS and UV spectrometry. These results showed the production of TTX and anhydroTTX in the Vibrio sp., thus indicating one of the origins of TTX in nature.
255 citations