Annotation: from paper books to the digital library
01 Jul 1997-pp 131-140
TL;DR: The practice of annotation in a particular situation is examined: the markings students make in university-level textbooks, and their status within a community of fellow textbook readers is examined.
Abstract: Readers annotate paper books as a routine part of their engagement with the materials; it is a useful practice, manifested through a wide variety of markings made in service of very different purposes. This paper examines the practice of annotation in a particular situation: the markings students make in university-level textbooks. The study focuses on the form and function of these annotations, and their status within a community of fellow textbook readers. Using this study as a basis, I discuss issues and implications for the design of annotation tools for a digital library setting.
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01 Nov 2001TL;DR: Sellen and Harper as discussed by the authors used enthnography and cognitive psychology to study the use of paper from the level of the individual up to that of organizational culture, and concluded that paper will continue to play an important role in office life.
Abstract: From the Publisher:
Over the past thirty years, many people have proclaimed the imminent arrival of the paperless office. Yet even the World Wide Web, which allows almost any computer to read and display another computer's documents, has only increased the amount of printing done by computer users. The use of e-mail in an organization increases paper consumption by an average of 40 percent. In The Myth of the Paperless Office, Abigail Sellen and Richard Harper study paper usage as a way to understand the work that people do and the reasons they do it the way they do. Using the tools of enthnography and cognitive psychology, they look at paper use from the level of the individual up to that of organizational culture.
Central to Sellen and Harper's investigation is the concept of "affordances" -- the activities that an object allows, or affords. The physical properties of paper (its being thin, light, porous, opaque, and flexible) afford the human actions of grasping, carrying, folding, writing, and so on. The concept of affordance allows us to compare the affordances of paper with those of existing digital devices. We can then ask what kinds of devices or systems would make new kinds of activities possible or better support current activities. The authors argue that paper will continue to play an important role in office life. Rather than pursue the ideal of the paperless office, we should work toward a future in which paper and electronic document tools work in concert and organizational processes make optimal use of both.
795 citations
TL;DR: With an increasing amount of time spent reading electronic documents, a screen‐based reading behavior is emerging, characterized by more time spent on browsing and scanning, keyword spotting, one‐time reading, non‐linear reading, and reading more selectively, while less time is spent on in‐depthReading, and concentrated reading.
Abstract: Purpose – This study attempts to investigate reading behavior in the digital environment by analyzing how people's reading behavior has changed over the past ten years.Design/methodology/approach – Survey and analysis methods are employed.Findings – With an increasing amount of time spent reading electronic documents, a screen‐based reading behavior is emerging. The screen‐based reading behavior is characterized by more time spent on browsing and scanning, keyword spotting, one‐time reading, non‐linear reading, and reading more selectively, while less time is spent on in‐depth reading, and concentrated reading. Decreasing sustained attention is also noted. Annotating and highlighting while reading is a common activity in the printed environment. However, this “traditional” pattern has not yet migrated to the digital environment when people read electronic documents.Originality/value – Implications for the changes in reading behavior are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested.
586 citations
Cites background from "Annotation: from paper books to the..."
...…10.6 Frequently 71.7 Occasionally 17.7 Never 0 Total 100 Table V. Frequency of printing electronic documents for reading JDOC 61,6 708 Marshall (1997) notes that “support for a smooth integration of annotating with reading – is the most difficult to interpret from a design point of…...
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PARC1
TL;DR: This paper first characterizes annotation according to a set of dimensions to situate a long-term study of a community of annotators and explores the implications of annotative practice for hypertext concepts and for the development of an ecology of hypertext annotation.
Abstract: Annotation is a key way in which hypertexts grow and increase in value. This paper first characterizes annotation according to a set of dimensions to situate a long-term study of a community of annotators. Then, using the results of the study, the paper explores the implications of annotative practice for hypertext concepts and for the development of an ecology of hypertext annotation, in which consensus creates a reading structure from an authorial structure.
368 citations
Patent•
25 Jun 2004TL;DR: In this article, a user interface architecture where user content and user interface are composed of documents with links is described, and a non-linear navigation history is maintained such that a user can navigate along a first path, back up using a previous link.
Abstract: A user interface architecture wherein user content and user interface are composed of documents with links is described. User content documents and user interface documents are both displayed in a single viewing frame. A non-linear navigation history is maintained such that a user can navigate along a first path, back up using a previous link, navigate along a second path, back up along the second path using the previous link, and re-navigate along the first path again using a next link. Every document page to which a user navigates is saved in the user's navigation history. Users can query their navigation histories and view their navigation histories in various ways. Users can access, annotate, and customize the user interface in the same manner in which users access, annotate, and modify user content documents.
276 citations
02 Nov 2003
TL;DR: This work is presenting an architecture which supports the seamless manipulation of PADDs using today's technologies and reports on the lessons learned while implementing the first PADD system.
Abstract: Paper Augmented Digital Documents (PADDs) are digital documents that can be manipulated either on a computer screen or on paper. PADDs, and the infrastructure supporting them, can be seen as a bridge between the digital and the paper worlds. As digital documents, PADDs are easy to edit, distribute and archive; as paper documents, PADDs are easy to navigate, annotate and well accepted in social settings. The chimeric nature of PADDs make them well suited for many tasks such as proofreading, editing, and annotation of large format document like blueprints.We are presenting an architecture which supports the seamless manipulation of PADDs using today's technologies and reports on the lessons we learned while implementing the first PADD system.
256 citations
Cites background from "Annotation: from paper books to the..."
...While several authors, including Sellen et al. [28] and Marshall [ 21 ] have provided us with valuable ethnographic data, it has often been difficult to gather quantitative data to pinpoint what sets digital and paper documents apart....
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References
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Book•
01 Jan 1991TL;DR: Hypertext Goerge Landow explores what is at once a radically new information technology, a revolutionary mode of publicaiton, and a highly interactive form of electronic text.
Abstract: George Landow's "Hypertext" brought together the worlds of literary theory and computer technology to explore the implications of giving readers instant, easy access to a virtual library of sources as well as unprecedented control of what and how they read. In hypermedia, Landow saw a strikingly literal embodiment of many major points of contemporary literary theory, particularly Derrida's idea of "de-centring" and Barthe's conception of the "readerly" versus "writerly" text. In this second edition, Landow shifts the focus from Intermedia to Microcosm, Storyspace and the World Wide Web. He offers new, specific information about kinds of hypertext, different modes of linking, attitudes towards technology, and the proliferation of pornography on the Internet. He also comments extensively on the rhetoric and style of writing in and with hypermedia.
986 citations
"Annotation: from paper books to the..." refers background in this paper
...The roles of reader and writer blur in this regime [ 8 ,13], but ‐ in one of the many paradoxes of the nascent practice of electronic reading and writing ‐ will every reader want to attend to annotated texts when she can start fresh? Likewise, will annotations that begin as personal markings ever transition into a public form?...
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Book•
01 Dec 1991
TL;DR: In Hypertext Goerge Landow explores what is at once a radically new information technology, a revolutionary mode of publicaiton, and a highly interactive form of electronic text as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: From the Publisher:
Advanced computer technology for storing and retrieving information - and the electronic "hypertext" of words and images it makes possible - is changing both the experience of reading and, according to some scholars, the very nature of what is read. In Hypertext Goerge Landow explores what is at once a radically new information technology, a revolutionary mode of publicaiton, and a highly interactive form of electronic text. It is also a strikingly literal embodiment of some major points of contemporary literary and semiological theory - particularly Derrida's idea of "de-century" and Barthe's conception for the "readerly" versus the "writerly" text.
756 citations
27 Mar 1997
TL;DR: A laboratory study that compares reading from paper to reading on-line finds critical differences that allow readers to deepen their understanding of the text, extract a sense of its structure, create a plan for writing, cross-refer to other documents, and interleave reading and writing.
Abstract: We report on a laboratory study that compares reading from paper to reading on-line. Critical differences have to do with the major advantages paper offers in supporting annotation while reading, quick navigation, and flexibility of spatial layout. These, in turn, allow readers to deepen their understanding of the text, extract a sense of its structure, create a plan for writing, cross-refer to other documents, and interleave reading and writing. We discuss the design implications of these findings for the development of better reading technologies.
593 citations
"Annotation: from paper books to the..." refers background or result in this paper
...O'Hara and Sellen's study confirms this finding, and further reports that their subjects wanted their marks to be distinguishable from the source document [15]....
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...It is clear from our study, and from the history of reading and other studies of annotative practice [11, 15], that annotations do not serve only a single function; they serve a multitude of functions....
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Book•
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01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: The authors argues that it is the demands and expectations of the reader, acting alongside the creative will of the writer, that is the evolutionary motor of literary forms and genres, from man's first use of the written word simply as a form of reference, to the emergence of the first holy or devotional texts, and onto the development of fictions, both poetic and novelistic, aiming to both challenge and enlighten.
Abstract: This study of the history of reading goes from the earliest examples of the clay tablets and cuneiform of ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt via the invention of printing in the 15th century to the birth of a mass reading public and today's digital revolution. It argues that it is the demands and expectations of the reader, acting alongside the creative will of the writer, that is the evolutionary motor of literary forms and genres. From man's first use of the written word simply as a form of reference, to the emergence of the first holy or devotional texts, and onto the development of fictions, both poetic and novelistic, this work aims to both challenge and enlighten.
480 citations
01 Nov 1996
TL;DR: A pen-based interface is described that acquires information about ambiguity and precision from freehand input, represents it internally, and echoes it to users visually and through constraint based edit behavior.
Abstract: Interfaces for conceptual and creative design should recognize and interpret drawings. They should also capture users’ intended ambiguity, vagueness, and imprecision and convey these qualities visually and through interactive behavior. Freehand drawing can provide this information and it is a natural input mode for design. We describe a pen-based interface that acquires information about ambiguity and precision from freehand input, represents it internally, and echoes it to users visually and through constraint based edit behavior.
303 citations