Book•
Antennas For All Applications
01 Dec 1950-
TL;DR: In this article, Lehto and Vainikainen discuss the relationship between aperture distribution and far-field pattern and the Fourier Transform Relation between Aperture Distribution and Far-Field Pattern.
Abstract: 1 Introduction 2 Antenna Basics 3 The Antenna Family 4 Point Sources 5 Arrays of Point Sources 6 The Electric Dipole and Thin Linear Antennas 7 The Loop Antenna 8 End Fire Antennas: The Helical Beam Antenna and the Yagi-Uda Array 9 Slot, Patch and Horn Antennas 9II Slot and Horn Antennas II 10 Flat Sheet, Corner and Parabolic Reflector Antennas 11 Broadband and Frequency-Independent Antennas 12 Antenna Temperature, Remote Sensing and Radar Cross-Section 13 Self and Mutual Impedances 14 The Cylindrical Antenna and the Moment Method (MM) 15 The Fourier Transform Relation Between Aperture Distribution and Far-Field Pattern 16 Arrays of Dipoles and of Apertures 17 Lens Antennas 18 Frequency-Selective Surfaces and Periodic Structures by Ben A. Munk 19 Practical Design Considerations of Large Aperture Antennas 20 Some Examples of Large or Unique Antennas 21 Antennas for Special Applications 22 Terahertz Antennas 23 Baluns, etc. By Ben A. Munk 24 Antenna Measurements. By Arto Lehto and Pertti Vainikainen Appendix A Tables for Reference Appendix B Books and Video Tapes Appendix C Computer Programs (Codes) Appendix D Absorbing Materials Appendix E Measurement Error
Citations
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01 Jun 2003
TL;DR: This work considers arbitrary networks and random networks where nodes are assumed to be static and hybrid beamform patterns that are a mix of omnidirectional/directional and a better model of real directional antennas.
Abstract: The capacity of ad hoc wireless networks is constrained by the interference between concurrent transmissions from neighboring nodes. Gupta and Kumar have shown that the capacity of an ad hoc network does not scale well with the increasing number of nodes in the system when using omnidirectional antennas [6]. We investigate the capacity of ad hoc wireless networks using directional antennas. In this work, we consider arbitrary networks and random networks where nodes are assumed to be static.In arbitrary networks, due to the reduction of the interference area, the capacity gain is proven to be √2π/α when using directional transmission and omni reception. Because of the reduced probability of two neighbors pointing to each other, the capacity gain is √2π/β when omni transmission and directional reception are used. Although these two expressions look similar, the proof technique is different. By taking advantage of the above two approaches, the capacity gain is 2π/√αβ when both transmission and reception are directional.For random networks, interfering neighbors are reduced due to the decrease of interference area when directional antennas are used for transmission and/or reception. The throughput improvement factor is 2π/α, 2π/β and 4π2/αβ for directional transmission/omni reception, omni transmission/direc-tional reception, and directional transmission/directional reception, respectively.We have also analyzed hybrid beamform patterns that are a mix of omnidirectional/directional and a better model of real directional antennas.
528 citations
Cites background from "Antennas For All Applications"
...The antenna family has more than twenty types of antennas which can be grouped in variable ways [8]....
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that a directed NLOS path scheme will make a terahertz communication system robust to shadowing, and it is shown that dielectric mirrors covering only parts of the walls will significantly enhance the signal coverage in a typical indoor scenario.
Abstract: We propose the concept of ultra-broadband terahertz communication, based on directed non-line-of-sight (NLOS) transmissions. Potential applications of such a system supporting multi-gigabit data rates are given, and put into the context of currently emerging WLANs/WPANs. The technology and propagation constraints serve as boundary conditions for the determination of the required antenna gain to support ultra-broadband communication. Resulting high-gain antenna requirements will necessitate highly directed transmissions. We propose the use of omni-directional dielectric mirrors to support directed NLOS paths. Their performance is investigated with ray-tracing simulations of a terahertz propagation channel in a dynamic office environment, which is calibrated with measured building-material and mirror parameters. We demonstrate that a directed NLOS path scheme will make a terahertz communication system robust to shadowing. Furthermore, we show that dielectric mirrors covering only parts of the walls will significantly enhance the signal coverage in a typical indoor scenario.
499 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the thermal emission from a single SiC whisker antenna is attributable to well-defined, size-tunable Mie resonances and derive a fundamental limit on the antenna emittance and argue theoretically that these structures are nearly ideal blackbody antennas.
Abstract: Optical antennas are a critical component in nanophotonics research1 and have been used to enhance nonlinear2,3 and Raman4 cross-sections and to make nanoscale optical probes5. In addition to their ‘receiving’ properties, optical antennas can operate in ‘broadcasting’ mode, and have been used to modify the emission rate6 and direction7 of individual molecules. In these applications the antenna must operate at frequencies given by existing light emitters. Using thermal excitation of optical antennas, we bypass this limitation and realize emitters at infrared frequencies where sources are less readily available. Specifically, we show that the thermal emission from a single SiC whisker antenna is attributable to well-defined, size-tunable Mie resonances8. Furthermore, we derive a fundamental limit on the antenna emittance and argue theoretically that these structures are nearly ideal black-body antennas. Combined with advancing progress in antenna design, these results could lead to optical antenna emitters operating throughout the infrared frequency range. Single SiC whiskers can be made into infrared emitters by thermal excitation. The broadband thermal emission is coupled to the electromagnetic resonances of the whisker, allowing relatively narrowband emission at infrared frequencies. The emission frequency can be tuned by adjusting the size of the whiskers.
335 citations
Book•
11 Apr 2005TL;DR: In this paper, the three most popular full-wave methods, the Finite Difference Time Domain Method (FDTM), the Method of Moments (MOM) and the Fine Element Method (FEEM), are introduced by way of one or two-dimensional problems.
Abstract: The numerical approximation of Maxwell's equations, Computational Electromagnetics (CEM), has emerged as a crucial enabling technology for radio-frequency, microwave and wireless engineering. The three most popular 'full-wave' methods - the Finite Difference Time Domain Method, the Method of Moments and the Finite Element Method - are introduced in this book by way of one or two-dimensional problems. Commercial or public domain codes implementing these methods are then applied to complex, real-world engineering problems, and a careful analysis of the reliability of the results obtained is performed, along with a discussion of the many pitfalls which can result in inaccurate and misleading solutions. The book will empower readers to become discerning users of CEM software, with an understanding of the underlying methods, and confidence in the results obtained. It also introduces readers to the art of code development. Aimed at senior undergraduate/graduate students taking CEM courses and practising engineers in the industry.
325 citations
TL;DR: A diffraction-based model to determine network link connectivity as a function of the locations of stationary and moving obstacles is developed and it is shown that multihop communication, with the introduction of a small number of relay nodes, is effective in maintaining network connectivity in scenarios where single-hop communication would suffer unacceptable outages.
Abstract: We present a cross-layer modeling and design approach for multigigabit indoor wireless personal area networks (WPANs) utilizing the unlicensed millimeter (mm) wave spectrum in the 60 GHz band. Our approach accounts for the following two characteristics that sharply distinguish mm wave networking from that at lower carrier frequencies. First, mm wave links are inherently directional: directivity is required to overcome the higher path loss at smaller wavelengths, and it is feasible with compact, low-cost circuit board antenna arrays. Second, indoor mm wave links are highly susceptible to blockage because of the limited ability to diffract around obstacles such as the human body and furniture. We develop a diffraction-based model to determine network link connectivity as a function of the locations of stationary and moving obstacles. For a centralized WPAN controlled by an access point, it is shown that multihop communication, with the introduction of a small number of relay nodes, is effective in maintaining network connectivity in scenarios where single-hop communication would suffer unacceptable outages. The proposed multihop MAC protocol accounts for the fact that every link in the WPAN is highly directional, and is shown, using packet level simulations, to maintain high network utilization with low overhead.
312 citations
Cites background from "Antennas For All Applications"
...The directivity of an antenna can be approximated as [39]: D = 40000 θoHP φ o HP where θoHP and φ o HP are the horizontal and vertical beamwidths, respectively, of the antenna....
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