Anthrax: an update.
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
The incidence of the disease has decreased in developed countries as a result of vaccination and improved industrial hygiene, and administration of anti-protective antigen (PA) antibody in combination with ciprofloxacin produced 90%-100% survival.Abstract:
Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. It is potentially fatal and highly contagious disease. Herbivores are the natural host. Human acquire the disease incidentally by contact with infected animal or animal products. In the 18th century an epidemic destroyed approximately half of the sheep in Europe. In 1900 human inhalational anthrax occured sporadically in the United States. In 1979 an outbreak of human anthrax occured in Sverdlovsk of Soviet Union. Anthrax continued to represent a world wide presence. The incidence of the disease has decreased in developed countries as a result of vaccination and improved industrial hygiene. Human anthrax clinically presents in three forms, i.e. cutaneous, gastrointestinal and inhalational. About 95% of human anthrax is cutaneous and 5% is inhalational. Gastrointestinal anthrax is very rare (less than 1%). Inhalational form is used as a biological warefare agent. Penicillin, ciprofloxacin (and other quinolones), doxicyclin, ampicillin, imipenem, clindamycin, clarithromycin, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin are effective antimicrobials. Antimicrobial therapy for 60 days is recommended. Human anthrax vaccine is available. Administration of anti-protective antigen (PA) antibody in combination with ciprofloxacin produced 90%-100% survival. The combination of CPG-adjuvanted anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA) plus dalbavancin significantly improved survival.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management
Gina Pugliese,Martin S. Favero +1 more
Journal ArticleDOI
Clinical evaluation of CpG oligonucleotides as adjuvants for vaccines targeting infectious diseases and cancer.
TL;DR: Results indicate that CpG ODN improve antigen presentation and the generation of vaccine-specific cellular and humoral responses and provides an up-to-date overview of the utility of CpGs ODN as adjuvants for vaccines targeting infectious agents and cancer.
Journal ArticleDOI
Zoonotic diseases: etiology, impact, and control
Md. Tanvir Rahman,Md. Abdus Sobur,Md. Saiful Islam,Samina Ievy,Md. Jannat Hossain,Mohamed E. El Zowalaty,Mohamed E. El Zowalaty,Amm Taufiquer Rahman,Hossam M. Ashour,Hossam M. Ashour +9 more
TL;DR: This review has highlighted COVID-19, a newly emerging zoonotic disease of likely bat origin that has affected millions of humans along with devastating global consequences and the implementation of One Health measures is highly recommended for the effective prevention and control of possible zoonosis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Lessons from the Ebola Outbreak: Action Items for Emerging Infectious Disease Preparedness and Response
Kathryn H. Jacobsen,A. Alonso Aguirre,Charles L. Bailey,Ancha Baranova,Andrew Crooks,Arie Croitoru,Paul L. Delamater,Jhumka Gupta,Kylene Kehn-Hall,Aarthi Narayanan,Mariaelena Pierobon,Katherine E. Rowan,J. Reid Schwebach,Padmanabhan Seshaiyer,Dann Sklarew,Anthony Stefanidis,Peggy Agouris +16 more
TL;DR: Key lessons learned from the Ebola outbreak can be clustered into three areas: environmental conditions related to early warning systems, host characteristics related to public health, and agent issues that can be addressed through the laboratory sciences.
Journal ArticleDOI
Zoonoses under our noses.
Alice Cross,Victoria M. Baldwin,Sumita Roy,Angela E. Essex-Lopresti,Joann L. Prior,Nicholas J. Harmer +5 more
TL;DR: Examples of the management of bacterial zoonoses in Europe and across the globe demonstrate that One Health approaches of international surveillance, information-sharing and appropriate intervention methods are required to successfully prevent and control disease outbreaks in both endemic and non-endemic regions.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Smallpox as a Biological Weapon Medical and Public Health Management
Donald A. Henderson,Thomas V. Inglesby,Thomas V. Inglesby,John G. Bartlett,John G. Bartlett,Michael S. Ascher,Edward M. Eitzen,Peter B. Jahrling,Jerome Hauer,Marcelle Layton,Joseph E. McDade,Michael T. Osterholm,Tara O'Toole,Gerald W. Parker,Trish M. Perl,Philip K. Russell,Kevin Tonat +16 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the Working Group onCivilian Biodefense has proposed a set of guidelines for the use of bio-medical data for defense against cyber-attacks against the US government.
Journal ArticleDOI
Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management.
Thomas V. Inglesby,Tara O'Toole,Donald A. Henderson,John G. Bartlett,Michael S. Ascher,Edward M. Eitzen,Arthur M. Friedlander,Julie L. Gerberding,Jerome Hauer,James M. Hughes,Joseph E. McDade,Michael T. Osterholm,Gerald W. Parker,Trish M. Perl,Philip K. Russell,Kevin Tonat +15 more
TL;DR: This revised consensus statement presents new information based on the analysis of the anthrax attacks of 2001, including developments in the investigation of the Anthrax Attacks of 2001; important symptoms, signs, and laboratory studies; new diagnostic clues that may help future recognition of this disease; updated antibiotic therapeutic considerations; and judgments about environmental surveillance and decontamination.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States.
TL;DR: Clinical presentation and course of cases of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax, in the District of Columbia, Florida, New Jersey, and New York, are described; survival of patients was markedly higher than previously reported.
Journal ArticleDOI
Anthrax as a Biological Weapon Medical and Public Health Management
Thomas V. Inglesby,Donald A. Henderson,John G. Bartlett,Michael S. Ascher,Edward M. Eitzen,Arthur M. Friedlander,Jerome Hauer,Joseph E. McDade,Michael T. Osterholm,Gerald W. Parker,Trish M. Perl,Philip K. Russell,Kevin Tonat +12 more
TL;DR: A consensus-based recommendation for measures to be taken by medical and public health professionals following the use of anthrax as a biological weapon against a civilian population was developed by a working group of 21 representatives from staff of major academic medical centers and research as mentioned in this paper.