Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management.
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Cites background from "Anthrax as a biological weapon, 200..."
...Anthrax Environmental: aerosolizable spore-containing powder or other substance Until environment completely decontaminated Until decontamination of environment complete [203]....
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949 citations
Cites background from "Anthrax as a biological weapon, 200..."
...The mortality rates in this and prior inhalation anthrax cases in the antibiotic era were 45%–80% [95]....
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...aureus, and category A bacterial agents of bioterrorism [91, 92, 95, 97, 102, 106]....
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...It should be emphasized that the last case of naturally occurring inhalation anthrax in the United States occurred in 1976, so any case of established or suspected inhalation anthrax should prompt notification of public health authorities [95]....
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...Treatment and prophylaxis should be prolonged, because animal studies have shown in vivo persistence of spores [95]....
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795 citations
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Cites background from "Anthrax as a biological weapon, 200..."
...Before the bioterrorismrelated anthrax cases in 2001, clinician recognition of clinical findings suggestive of cutaneous or inhalational anthrax is presumed to have been very low (43,44)....
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References
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"Anthrax as a biological weapon, 200..." refers background in this paper
...Data are insufficient to identify factors associated with survival although early recognition and initiation of treatment and use of more than 1 antibiotic have been suggested as possible factors.(61) For the 6 patients for whom such information is known, the median period from presumed time of exposure to the onset of symptoms was 4 days (range, 4-6 days)....
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...Limited early information following the attacks suggested that persons with inhalational anthrax treated intravenously with 2 or more antibiotics active against B anthracis had a greater chance of survival.(61) Given the limited number of persons who developed inhalational anthrax, the paucity of comparative data, and other uncertainties, it remains unclear whether the use of 2 or more antibiotics confers a survival advantage, but combination therapy is a reasonable therapeutic approach in the face of life-threatening illness....
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...All 4 patients exhibiting signs of fulminant illness prior to antibiotic administration died.(61) Of note, the incubation period of the 2 fatal cases from New York City and Connecticut is not known....
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...Each of the 8 patients who had blood cultures obtained prior to initiation of antibiotics had positive blood cultures.(61) However, blood cultures appear to be sterilized after even 1 or 2 doses of antibiotics, underscoring the importance of obtaining cultures prior to initiation of antibiotic therapy (J....
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...Although anthrax does not cause a classic bronchopneumonia pathologically, it can cause widened mediastinum, massive pleural effusions, air bronchograms, necrotizing pneumonic lesions, and/or consolidation, as has been noted above.(36,55,56,61,64-66) The result can be hypoxemia and chest imaging abnormalities that may or may not be clinically distinguishable from pneumonia....
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