Anti-tick vaccines.
TL;DR: There is now abundant evidence that vaccination with defined protein antigens is able to induce significant immunity to tick infestation, but under most circumstances the use of a tick vaccine as the single, stand alone control technology is likely to require more efficacious vaccines than those currently available.
Abstract: There is now abundant evidence that vaccination with defined protein antigens is able to induce significant immunity to tick infestation. In a limited number of cases, this immunity has been duplicated by vaccination with recombinant antigens, a critical step on the pathway to commercial vaccine production. The existence of two commercial vaccines has allowed a number of field studies showing that the existing products can make an important contribution to an integrated approach to the control of ticks in the field. Under most circumstances however, the use of a tick vaccine as the single, stand alone control technology is likely to require more efficacious vaccines than those currently available. Increases in efficacy are most likely to come through the discovery of additional, effective vaccine antigens. The number of antigens with demonstrated effect is increasing, though only slowly, while the number of potential antigens that remain to be evaluated is increasing more quickly. There is limited, though convincing, evidence that some of these antigens will show effective cross-species protection, though in a poorly understood and unpredictable way. The groundwork has been laid; the potential of the field is still to be effectively exploited.
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TL;DR: A contemporary review of representative tick-borne diseases of humans and aspects linked to their medical relevance worldwide are provided, calling physicians and veterinarians to unify their efforts in the management of these diseases, several of which are zoonoses.
805 citations
TL;DR: Current knowledge of CCHFV is summarized, summarizing its molecular biology, maintenance and transmission, epidemiology and geographic range, including an extensive discussion of C CHFV genetic diversity, including maps of the range of the virus with superimposed phylogenetic trees.
572 citations
TL;DR: Successful veterinary vaccines have been produced against viral, bacterial, protozoal, and multicellular pathogens, which in many ways have led the field in the application and adaptation of novel technologies.
Abstract: The major goals of veterinary vaccines are to improve the health and welfare of companion animals, increase production of livestock in a cost-effective manner, and prevent animal-to-human transmission from both domestic animals and wildlife. These diverse aims have led to different approaches to the development of veterinary vaccines from crude but effective whole-pathogen preparations to molecularly defined subunit vaccines, genetically engineered organisms or chimeras, vectored antigen formulations, and naked DNA injections. The final successful outcome of vaccine research and development is the generation of a product that will be available in the marketplace or that will be used in the field to achieve desired outcomes. As detailed in this review, successful veterinary vaccines have been produced against viral, bacterial, protozoal, and multicellular pathogens, which in many ways have led the field in the application and adaptation of novel technologies. These veterinary vaccines have had, and continue to have, a major impact not only on animal health and production but also on human health through increasing safe food supplies and preventing animal-to-human transmission of infectious diseases. The continued interaction between animals and human researchers and health professionals will be of major importance for adapting new technologies, providing animal models of disease, and confronting new and emerging infectious diseases.
444 citations
TL;DR: The ecology and epidemiology of A. phagocytophilum is focused on, especially the role of wildlife in contribution to the spread and sustainability of the infection in domestic livestock and humans.
Abstract: The bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum has for decades been known to cause the disease tick-borne fever (TBF) in domestic ruminants in Ixodes ricinus-infested areas in northern Europe. In recent years, the bacterium has been found associated with Ixodes-tick species more or less worldwide on the northern hemisphere. A. phagocytophilum has a broad host range and may cause severe disease in several mammalian species, including humans. However, the clinical symptoms vary from subclinical to fatal conditions, and considerable underreporting of clinical incidents is suspected in both human and veterinary medicine. Several variants of A. phagocytophilum have been genetically characterized. Identification and stratification into phylogenetic subfamilies has been based on cell culturing, experimental infections, PCR and sequencing techniques. However, few genome sequences have been completed so far, thus observations on biological, ecological and pathological differences between genotypes of the bacterium, have yet to be elucidated by molecular and experimental infection studies. The natural transmission cycles of various A. phagocytophilum variants, the involvement of their respective hosts and vectors involved, in particular the zoonotic potential, have to be unravelled. A. phagocytophilum is able to persist between seasons of tick activity in several mammalian species and movement of hosts and infected ticks on migrating animals or birds may spread the bacterium. In the present review, we focus on the ecology and epidemiology of A. phagocytophilum, especially the role of wildlife in contribution to the spread and sustainability of the infection in domestic livestock and humans
432 citations
Cites background from "Anti-tick vaccines."
...…or cement antigen vaccines (recombinant Bm/Ba 86, Bm91, and 64TRP) have been tested, and TickGUARDPLUS and Gavac (both recombinant Bm86) are examples of commercially available vaccines from the early 1990’s (Willardsen, 2004; Labuda et al., 2006; de la Fuente et al., 2007; Canales et al., 2009)....
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TL;DR: Commercial tick vaccines for cattle based on the Boophilus microplus Bm86 gut antigen have proven to be a feasible tick control method that offers a cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternative to the use of acaricides.
Abstract: Ticks are important ectoparasites of domestic and wild animals, and tick infestations economically impact cattle production worldwide. Control of cattle tick infestations has been primarily by application of acaricides which has resulted in selection of resistant ticks and environmental pollution. Herein we discuss data from tick vaccine application in Australia, Cuba, Mexico and other Latin American countries. Commercial tick vaccines for cattle based on the Boophilus microplus Bm86 gut antigen have proven to be a feasible tick control method that offers a cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternative to the use of acaricides. Commercial tick vaccines reduced tick infestations on cattle and the intensity of acaricide usage, as well as increasing animal production and reducing transmission of some tick-borne pathogens. Although commercialization of tick vaccines has been difficult owing to previous constraints of antigen discovery, the expense of testing vaccines in cattle, and company restructuring, the success of these vaccines over the past decade has clearly demonstrated their potential as an improved method of tick control for cattle. Development of improved vaccines in the future will be greatly enhanced by new and efficient molecular technologies for antigen discovery and the urgent need for a tick control method to reduce or replace the use of acaricides, especially in regions where extensive tick resistance has occurred.
341 citations
Cites background from "Anti-tick vaccines."
...These vaccines contained the recombinant B. microplus Bm86 gut antigen (Willadsen et al., 1989; Rand et al., 1989; Rodríguez et al., 1994; recently reviewed by Willadsen, 2004, 2006; de la Fuente and Kocan, 2003, 2006)....
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References
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Book•
01 Nov 1990
TL;DR: Vaccines and Vaccination in Historical Perspective, Myron M. Levine, Rosanna Lagos, and Jose' Esparza Developing Vaccines in the Era of Reverse Vaccinology, Rino Rappuoli, Gordon Dougan, and Isabel Delany Initial Clinical Evaluation of New Vaccine Candidates.
Abstract: Vaccines and Vaccination in Historical Perspective, Myron M. Levine, Rosanna Lagos, and Jose' Esparza Developing Vaccines in the Era of Reverse Vaccinology, Rino Rappuoli, Gordon Dougan, and Isabel Delany Initial Clinical Evaluation of New Vaccine Candidates, Carol O. Tacket and Karen L. Kotloff Special Issues in Performing Vaccine Trials in Developing Countries, Milagritos D. Tapia, Karen L. Kotloff, Christopher V. Plowe, and Samba O. Sow Long-Term Evaluation of Vaccine Performance: Methodological, Issues for Phase III and Phase IV Studies, John D. Clemens, Abdollah Naficy, Malla R. Rao, and Hye-won Koo Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Vaccine Trials in Developing Countries , Charles Weijer, Claudio F. Lanata, and Christopher V. Plowe Vaccine Economics: Assuring That Vaccines Are Developed for and Available in Developing Countries, Amie Batson and Piers Whitehead Development and Supply of Vaccines: An Industry Perspective, Michel Gre'co and Luc Hessel Reaching Every Child: Achieving Equity in Global Immunization, R. Bruce Aylward, B. Melgaard, M. Birmingham, J. Lloyd, R. Eggers, J. Bilous, and T. Cherian A Paradigm for International Cooperation: The GAVI Alliance, Lisa Jacobs Economic Analyses of Vaccines and Vaccination Programs, Benjamin Schwartz and Mark L. Messonier An Overview of U.S. Food and Drug Administration Licensure of Vaccines, Lydia A. Falk, Norman Baylor, and Karen Midthun Assuring Vaccine Quality by Strengthening Regulatory Agencies, The Work of the World Health Organization, Julie Milstien, Nora Dellepiane, Lahouari Belgharbi, Liliana Chocarro, and David Wood Vaccine Safety, Neal A. Halsey, Robert Ball, and Leslie K. Ball Manufacturing of Vaccines, Guido Dietrich, Julie Milstien, Suresh Jadhav, and Peter C. Stowe Polio Eradication: Ongoing Innovation to End an Ancient Scourge, R. Bruce Aylward, Stephen L. Cochi, and David L. Heymann Recent Advances in Immunology That Impact Vaccine Development, Marcelo B. Sztein, Rafi Ahmed, and Shane Crotty Modulating Vaccine Responses with Innate Immunity, Bali Pulendran, Jeff Powell, and Richard A. Flavell Immunodominance, Deceptive Imprinting, and Immune Refocusing Technology, Peter L. Nara and George Lin Standardization and High-Throughput Measurement of T-Cell Responses to Vaccines, Kent J. Weinhold and Janet S. Ottinger Transition to High-Throughput Laboratory Assays to Evaluate Multivalent Vaccines, Sandra Romero-Steiner, George M. Carlone, Helen Baxendale, and David Goldblatt The Challenge of Vaccine Protection in Very Young Infants, Claire-Anne Siegrist The Challenge of Inducing Vaccine Protection in the Elderly, Dietmar Herndler-Brandstetter, Angelika Schwanninger, and Beatrix Grubeck-Loebenstein Vaccination and Autoimmunity, Paul-Henri Lambert and Michel Goldman Adjuvants for the Future, Richard T. Kenney and Alan S. Cross TLR Agonists for Immune Enhancement of Vaccines, Heather L. Davis Use of Genetically or Chemically Detoxified Mutants of Cholera and Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Enterotoxins as Mucosal Adjuvants., Lucy C. Freytag, John D. Clements, Dubravka Grdic Eliasson, and Nils Lycke Recent Developments in Nonliving Antigen Delivery Systems, Derek T. O'Hagan Virus-Like Particles as Vaccines and Vaccine Delivery Systems, Kathrin U. Jansen, Margaret E. Conner, and Mary K. Estes Subunit Vaccines Produced Using Plant Biotechnology, Qiang Chen, Hugh S. Mason, Tsafrir Mor, Alec Sutherland, Guy A. Cardineau, Charles J. Arntzen, and Carol O. Tacket Lipopeptide-Based Vaccines, David C. Jackson, Brendon Y. Chua, Lorena E. Brown, Peter Moyle, and Istvan Toth Vaccines Based on Dendritic Cell Biology, Silvia B. Boscardin, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Christine Trumpfheller, and Ralph M. Steinman Vaccinia Virus and Other Poxviruses as Live Vectors, Bernard Moss Replication-Defective and Competent Adenovirus Recombinants as Vaccine Vectors, Marjorie Robert-Guroff, Gary J. Nabel, and John W. Shiver RNA Virus Replicon Vaccines, Nancy L. Davis and Robert E. Johnston Engineering of Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovars for Use as Live Vector Vaccines, James E. Galen, Marcela F. Pasetti, Sharon Tennant, Marcelo B. Sztein, and Myron M. Levine DNA Vaccines, Gary J. Nabel, David C. Kaslow, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, and Margaret A. Liu Overview of Heterologous Prime-Boost Immunization Strategies, Helen McShane, Adrian V. S. Hill, and Andrew McMichael Mucosal Immunization and Needle-Free Injection Devices, Jakub K. Simon, Myron M. Levine, Bruce G. Weniger, and Ana M. H. Restrepo Advances in Transcutaneous Vaccine Delivery, Robert C. Seid, Jr. and Gregory M. Glenn Rationalizing Childhood Immunization Programs: The Variation in Schedules and Use of Combination Vaccines, Andrew J. Pollard, Kathryn M. Edwards, and Bernard Fritzell Meningococcal Conjugate and Protein-Based Vaccines, Andrew J. Pollard, E. Richard Moxon, and Rino Rappuoli Post-Licensure Impact of Haemophilus influenzae Type b and Serogroup C Neisseria meningitidis Conjugate Vaccines in Industrialized Countries, Elizabeth Miller, Helen Campbell, and Mary Ramsay Haemophilus influenzae Type b Disease Burden and the Impact of Programmatic Infant Immunization in Developing Countries, Richard A. Adegbola, Samba O. Sow, and J. Anthony G. Scott Pneumococcal Protein-Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccines, Cynthia G. Whitney and Orin S. Levine Pneumococcal Common Proteins and Other Vaccine Strategies, David E. Briles, James C. Paton, Susan K. Hollingshead, and John W. Boslego Polysaccharide-Based Conjugate Vaccines for Enteric Bacterial Infections: Typhoid Fever, Nontyphoidal Salmonellosis, and Escherichia coli O:H, Shousun C. Szu, John. B. Robbins, Rachel Schneerson, and F.-Y. Lin Attenuated Strains of Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhi and Paratyphi as Live Oral Vaccines Against Enteric Fever, Myron M. Levine, James E. Galen, Marcela F. Pasetti, and Marcelo B. Sztein Oral Cholera Vaccines, Jan Holmgren and James B. Kaper Novel Vaccines Against Tuberculosis, Marcus A. Horwitz, Peter Andersen, and Stefan H. E. Kaufmann Influenza, John Treanor, Wendy Keitel, and Iain Stephenson Chimeric Vaccines Against Japanese Encephalitis, Dengue, and West Nile, Konstantin V. Pugachev, Farshad Guirakhoo, Dennis W. Trent, and Thomas P. Monath Vaccines Against Rotavirus Gastroenteritis, Richard L. Ward, H. Fred Clark, Paul A. Offit, Umesh D. Parashar, and Roger I. Glass Novel Strategies for Immunizing Infants in Developing Countries Who Are Too Young to Receive the Currently Licensed Measles Vaccines, Marcela F. Pasetti, Karina Ramirez, Karen L. Kotloff, Eileen M. Barry, and Myron M. Levine Challenges and Prospects for the Development of an HIV Vaccine, Barney S. Graham and Gary J. Nabel Vaccine Strategies to Prevent Dengue, Robert Edelman, Stephen S. Whitehead, and David W. Vaughn Vaccination Against the Hepatitis C Virus, Sergio Abrignani, Raffaele De Francesco, and Michael Houghton Vaccines Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Parainfluenza Viruses, Alexander Schmidt, Emmalene Bartlett, Anne Schaap-Nutt, Peter L. Collins, Brian R. Murphy, and Ruth Karron Cytomegalovirus Vaccines, David I. Bernstein and Stanley A. Plotkin Epstein-Barr Virus Vaccines, Viviana P. Lutzky and Denis J. Moss Herpes Simplex Vaccines, David M. Koelle, Lawrence R. Stanberry, Reuben S. Carpenter, and Richard J. Whitley Development of Vaccines to Prevent Group A Streptococcal Infections and Rheumatic Fever, J. B. Dale, M. Batzloff, Michael F. Good, J. McCarthy, J. R. Carapetis, P. P. Cleary, V. Fischetti, and J. Zabriski Vaccines Against Group B Streptococcus, Morven S. Edwards, Carol J. Baker, and Lawrence C. Paoletti Overview of Live and Subcellular Vaccine Strategies Against Shigella,.Karen L. Kotloff, Eileen M. Barry, Myron M. Levine, Thomas L. Hale, and Philippe Sansonetti Vaccines Against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Ann-Mari Svennerholm and Gregory Glenn Multivalent Shigella Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Vaccine, Eileen M. Barry and Myron M. Levine Vaccines for Staphylococcus aureus Infections, Juliane Bubeck Wardenburg, Dominique Missiakas, and Olaf Schneewind Chlamydia trachomatis Vaccines, Renata Grifantini and Guido Grandi Malaria Vaccines in Clinical Development: Introduction and Recombinant/Subunit Approaches, Laura B. Martin, Robert W. Sauerwein, Teun Bousema, David E. Lanar, and Thomas L. Richie Gene-Based Malaria Vaccines, Adrian V. S. Hill Pre-erythrocytic and Asexual Erythrocytic Stage Whole-Organism Malaria Vaccines, Stephen L. Hoffman, B. Kim Lee Sim, Adam Richman, Alberto Pinzon-Charry, Michael F. Good, and J. McCarthy Vaccines Against Leishmania, Farrokh Modabber, Rhea Coler, and Steven G. Reed Vaccines Against Schistosomiasis, Alex Loukas, Jeffrey M. Bethony, Andre' Capron, and Donald P. McManus Vaccines Against Entamoeba histolytica, Christopher D. Huston and William A. Petri, Jr. Hookworm Vaccines, Jeffrey M. Bethony, Maria Elena Bottazzi, Ami Shah Brown, David Diemert, Peter Hotez, and Alex Loukas Improved Smallpox Vaccines, Matthew E. Cohen and Stuart N. Isaacs Anthrax Vaccines, Arthur M. Friedlander, Stephen F. Little, and Marc Gurwith Tularemia Vaccines, Alan S. Cross and Eileen M. Barry Vaccines Against Plague, Scott A. Lloyd Development of Vaccines for Ebola and Marburg Viruses: Efficacy and Regulatory Considerations, Gary J. Nabel Therapeutics and Vaccines Against Hendra and Nipah Viruses, Christopher C. Broder Vaccines Against Lassa Fever, Maria S. Salvato and Igor S. Lukashevich Hantavirus Vaccines, Christopher D. Hammerbeck and Jay W. Hooper SARS Vaccines, Kanta Subbarao Cancer-Specific Vaccines, Drew Pardoll Vaccines Against Human Papillomaviruses, Kathrin U. Jansen and Ian H. Frazer Vaccines Against Alzheimer's and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases, Roy M. Robins-Browne and Colin L. Masters Vaccination for Autoimmune and Other Chronic, Inflammatory Disorders, Leonard C. Harrison Immunotherapies To Treat Drug Addiction., Paul R. Pentel, Dan E. Keyler, and Thomas R. Kosten Index
761 citations
Book•
30 Sep 2011
TL;DR: This work focuses on the structure and ultrastructure of the insect midgut, which is concerned with its role in digestion and transport, and its role as a target for control strategies in insects and other organisms.
Abstract: List of contributors. Preface. Part One: Structural biology of the midgut. 1. Structure and ultrastructure of the insect midgut P.F. Billingsley, M.J. Lehane. 2. Midgut development K.M. Baldwin, et al. 3. Midgut endocrine cells F. Sehnal, D. Zitnan. 4. The peritrophic matrix R.L. Tellam. 5. Structural macromolecules of the cell membranes and the extracellular matrices of the insect midgut N.J. Lane, et al. Part Two: Digestion and transport. 6. Digestive enzymes W.R. Terra, et al. 7. Mechanisms controlling the synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes in insects M.J. Lehane, et al. 8. Compartmentalization of digestion W.R. Terra, et al. 9. Ion transport in Lepidoptera U. Klein, et al. 10. Amino acid absorption V.F. Sacchi, M.G. Wolfersberger. 11. Lipid and sugar absorption S. Turunen, K. Crailsheim. Part Three: The midgut as a target for control strategies. 12. Immune intervention against blood-feeding insects P. Willadsen, P.F. Billingsley. 13. Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins: action on the insect midgut P.V. Pietrantonio, S.S. Gill. 14. Antinutritive plant defence mechanisms G.W. Felton, J.A. Gatehouse. Part Four: The midgut as an environment for other organisms. 15. Microbialsymbioses in the midgut of insects A.E. Douglas, C.B. Beard. 16. Insect-transmitted pathogens in the insect midgut D.C. Kaslow, S. Welburn. Index.
437 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Microgram amounts of the responsible tick gut Ag are able to induce effective protection in cattle against the parasite, as shown by the decreased survival of ticks on vaccinated cattle and a reduction in engorgement weights and egg laying capacity of the survivors.
Abstract: Cattle can be vaccinated against the tick Boophilus microplus by inducing an immunologic reaction against Ag in the tick gut. The uptake of antibody during feeding leads to severe damage to the parasite. One of the responsible tick gut Ag has now been purified and characterized: the Bm86 Ag. It is a membrane-bound glycoprotein present in very low abundance in extracts of partially engorged adult female ticks. It has an apparent m.w. of 89,000, an isoelectric point of 5.1 to 5.6 and an affinity for wheat germ lectin. Microgram amounts of this Ag are able to induce effective protection in cattle against the parasite, as shown by the decreased survival of ticks on vaccinated cattle and a reduction in engorgement weights and egg laying capacity of the survivors. Antisera to the Ag react with the surface of digest cells in the tick gut. As a result of the reaction with antibody, the endocytotic activity of these cells, which is a critical step in bloodmeal digestion in this tick, is strongly and rapidly inhibited. A number of peptides from this Ag, produced by digestion of the reduced and alkylated protein with endoproteinase lys-C, have been sequenced. One peptide has significant amino acid sequence homology with the epidermal growth factor precursor and a second peptide has homology with a putative protective antigen from Plasmodium falciparum.
397 citations
"Anti-tick vaccines." refers background in this paper
...In 1986, this led to the identification of a key antigen, Bm86 (Willadsen, McKenna & Riding 1988; Willadsen et al. 1989)....
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TL;DR: The vaccine has been tested in the field, has been taken through the full registration process and is now in commercial use in Australia, and a related development has occurred in Cuba.
Abstract: Increasingly, there is need for methods to control cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) infestations by the use of non-chemical technology. This need is brought about by a mixture of market forces and the failure or inadequacy of existing technology. A recombinant vaccine has now been developed against the tick. This vaccine relies on the uptake with the blood meal of antibody directed against a critical protein in the tick gut. The isolation of the vaccine antigen, Bm86, and its production as a recombinant protein is briefly described. The vaccine has been tested in the field, has been taken through the full registration process and is now in commercial use in Australia. A related development has occurred in Cuba. The potential for improvement of the current vaccine and for the development of similar vaccines against other haematophagous parasites is discussed.
343 citations
"Anti-tick vaccines." refers background in this paper
...This was in the face of heavy initial pasture infestation with larval ticks and in the absence of acaricide usage (Willadsen et al. 1995)....
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...Recombinant tick antigens Antigen Tick species Result Reference Bm86 B. microplus [ Willadsen et al. 1995 Bm91 (carboxy-dipeptidase) B. microplus [ Willadsen et al. 1996 5k-Nucleotidase B. microplus ?...
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...The efficacy is a linear function of the log anti-Bm86 titre over a wide concentration range (Willadsen et al. 1995; Rodrı́guez et al. 1995b ; de la Fuente et al. 1998)....
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...All aspects of the development have been described in detail a number of times (Cobon & Willadsen, 1990; Tellam et al. 1992; Willadsen et al. 1995)....
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TL;DR: The crystal structure of a histamine-bound HBP reveals a lipocalin fold novel in containing two binding sites for the same ligand and form an internal surface of unusual polar character that complements the physicochemical properties of histamine.
311 citations
"Anti-tick vaccines." refers background in this paper
...Most interesting among these are the histamine-binding proteins identified in a number of species (Paesen et al. 1999, 2000)....
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