Antibacterial activity of some Indian medicinal plants
TL;DR: Aqueous extracts of ten medicinal plants were examined for their antibacterial potential against some reference strains of human pathogenic bacteria and Viola odorata was the most effective antibacterial with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 1 to 2%.
Abstract: Aqueous extracts of ten medicinal plants were examined for their antibacterial potential against some reference strains of human pathogenic bacteria. Anethum graveolens, Elettaria cardamomum, Foeniculum vulgare, Trachyspermum ammi and Viola odorata were found to be better/equally effective compared to standard antibiotics. V. odorata was the most effective antibacterial with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 1 to 2%. The results provide a scientific basis for the centuries-old usage of aqueous extracts of these medicinal plants.
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TL;DR: Antibacterial efficacy shown by these plants provides a scientific basis and thus, validates their traditional uses as homemade remedies, and proves the better/equal efficacy of some of these seed extracts as compared to standard antibiotics.
Abstract: Anethum graveolens Linn., Foeniculum vulgare Mill. and Trachyspermum ammi L. are widely used traditional medicinal plants to treat various ailments. To provide a scientific basis to traditional uses of these plants, their aqueous and organic seed extracts, as well as isolated phytoconstituents were evaluated for their antibacterial potential. Antibacterial activity of aqueous and organic seed extracts was assessed using agar diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration and viable cell count studies; and their antibacterial effect was compared with some standard antibiotics. The presence of major phytoconstituents was detected qualitatively and quantitatively. The isolated phytoconstituents were subjected to disc diffusion assay to ascertain their antibacterial effect. Hot water and acetone seed extracts showed considerably good antibacterial activity against all the bacteria except Klebsiella pneumoniae and one strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Minimum inhibitory concentration for aqueous and acetone seed extracts ranged from 20–80 mg/ml and 5–15 mg/ml respectively. Viable cell count studies revealed the bactericidal nature of the seed extracts. Statistical analysis proved the better/equal efficacy of some of these seed extracts as compared to standard antibiotics. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of 2.80 – 4.23% alkaloids, 8.58 – 15.06% flavonoids, 19.71 – 27.77% tannins, 0.55–0.70% saponins and cardiac glycosides. Antibacterial efficacy shown by these plants provides a scientific basis and thus, validates their traditional uses as homemade remedies. Isolation and purification of different phytochemicals may further yield significant antibacterial agents.
356 citations
Cites methods from "Antibacterial activity of some Indi..."
...Aqueous extracts of seeds were prepared in three different ways as described earlier [15]....
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TL;DR: Eugenol is a hydroxyphenyl propene, naturally occurring in the essential oils of several plants belonging to the Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, and Myristicaceae families as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Eugenol is a hydroxyphenyl propene, naturally occurring in the essential oils of several plants belonging to the Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, and Myristicaceae families. It is one of the major ...
271 citations
Cites background from "Antibacterial activity of some Indi..."
...In the same year, Arora & Kaur (2007) studied the antibacterial activity of clove extract against several gram-negative (E. coli, P. aeruginosa (two isolates), S. typhi, S. typhimurium (two isolates), and Shigella flexneri) and gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria, obtained from the Microbial Type…...
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TL;DR: The main purpose of this review is to understand the significance of Anethum graveolens in ayurvedic medicines and non-medicinal purposes and emphasis can also be given to the enhancement of secondary metabolites of this medicinal plant.
Abstract: Anethum graveolens L. (dill) has been used in ayurvedic medicines since ancient times and it is a popular herb widely used as a spice and also yields essential oil. It is an aromatic and annual herb of apiaceae family. The Ayurvedic uses of dill seeds are carminative, stomachic and diuretic. There are various volatile components of dill seeds and herb; carvone being the predominant odorant of dill seed and α-phellandrene, limonene, dill ether, myristicin are the most important odorants of dill herb. Other compounds isolated from seeds are coumarins, flavonoids, phenolic acids and steroids. The main purpose of this review is to understand the significance of Anethum graveolens in ayurvedic medicines and non-medicinal purposes and emphasis can also be given to the enhancement of secondary metabolites of this medicinal plant.
165 citations
Cites background from "Antibacterial activity of some Indi..."
...typhimurium, Shigella flexneri and Salmonella typhii.[28] The higher activity of extract can be explained on the basis of the chemical structure of their major constituents such as dillapiole and anethole, which have aromatic nucleus containing polar functional group that is known to form hydrogen bonds with active sites of the target enzyme....
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TL;DR: The oil, and extracts of Trachyspermum ammi fruits displayed remarkable anti-bacterial effects against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Pseudomonas aeruginosa KCTC 2004, Salmonella typhimurium K CTC 2515, Enterobactor aerogens KCTT 2190 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538.
164 citations
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TL;DR: Recommendations of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards continue to be based on this publication; the “Kirby-Bauer” method is, among the many disk methods used in other countries, still the one that has been researched most thoroughly and updated continuously.
Abstract: In the words of the authors, the paper by A. W. Bauer et al., from the University of Washington in Seattle, on a standardized single-disk method for antibiotic susceptibility testing “. . . consolidate(s) and update(s) previous descriptions of the method and provide(s) a concise outline for its performance and interpretation.” Clinical microbiologists were relieved that finally a disk diffusion method had been standardized, could be used with ease, and provided reliable results as compared with minimum inhibitory concentration tests. The pivotal role of Hans Ericsson’s theoretical and practical studies (H. Ericsson and G. Svartz-Malmberg, Antibiot. Chemother. 6:41–74, 1959), as well as earlier reports by some of the authors of the publications cited, must be mentioned as a matter of fairness. Most of the recommendations given are still valid today even though some of the antimicrobial agents are obsolete, new ones have been added, some zone sizes had to be modified, and new media were designed for Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Recommendations of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards continue to be based on this publication; the “Kirby-Bauer” method is, among the many disk methods used in other countries, still the one that has been researched most thoroughly and updated continuously. ALEXANDER VON GRAEVENITZ
16,916 citations
"Antibacterial activity of some Indi..." refers methods in this paper
...The sensitivity of different bacterial strains to aqueous plant extracts was measured in terms of zone of inhibition using an agar diffusion assay [15]....
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TL;DR: The current status of botanical screening efforts, as well as in vivo studies of their effectiveness and toxicity, are summarized and the structure and antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals are addressed.
Abstract: The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Ethnopharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and “leads” which could be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants, none are used as antimicrobials. Traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious conditions; Western medicine is trying to duplicate their successes. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. This review attempts to summarize the current status of botanical screening efforts, as well as in vivo studies of their effectiveness and toxicity. The structure and antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals are also addressed. Since many of these compounds are currently available as unregulated botanical preparations and their use by the public is increasing rapidly, clinicians need to consider the consequences of patients self-medicating with these preparations.
7,486 citations
10 Aug 2007
TL;DR: Plants produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites, many of which have antimicrobial activity, which occur as inactive precursors and are activated in response to tissue damage or pathogen attack.
Abstract: Plants produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites, many of which have antimicrobial activity. Some of this compounds are constitutive, existing in healthy plants in their biologically active forms. Others such as cyanogenic glycosides and glucosinolates, occur as inactive precursors and are activated in response to tissue damage or pathogen attack.
2,949 citations
TL;DR: 45 plants and their products that have been mentioned/used in the Indian traditional system of medicine and have shown experimental or clinical anti-diabetic activity are reviewed.
1,641 citations
"Antibacterial activity of some Indi..." refers background in this paper
...A number of plants have been documented for their biological [3, 4] and antimicrobial properties [5–8]....
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TL;DR: Pseudomonas aeruginosa carries multiresistance plasmids less often than does Klebsiella pneumoniae, develops mutational resistance to cephalosporins less readily than Enterobacter species, and has less inherent resistance than Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
Abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa carries multiresistance plasmids less often than does Klebsiella pneumoniae, develops mutational resistance to cephalosporins less readily than Enterobacter species, and has less inherent resistance than Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. What nevertheless makes P. aeruginosa uniquely problematic is a combination of the following: the species' inherent resistance to many drug classes; its ability to acquire resistance, via mutations, to all relevant treatments; its high and increasing rates of resistance locally; and its frequent role in serious infections. A few isolates of P. aeruginosa are resistant to all reliable antibiotics, and this problem seems likely to grow with the emergence of integrins that carry gene cassettes encoding both carbapenemases and amikacin acetyltransferases.
1,383 citations
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...common cause of nosocomial infections [20, 21]....
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