Antifungal activity of some tetranortriterpenoids
TL;DR: Results show that cedrelone was the most effective in reducing rust pustule emergence, indicating the importance of specific structural features for activity.
About: This article is published in Fitoterapia.The article was published on 2000-06-01. It has received 60 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Citrus medica & Puccinia arachidis.
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TL;DR: Limonoids are highly oxygenated, modified terpenoids with a prototypical structure either containing or derived from a precursor with a 4,4,8-trimethyl-17-furanylsteroid skeleton and their occurrence in the plant kingdom is confined to only plant families of order Rutales.
Abstract: The search for limonoids started long back when scientists started looking for the factor responsible for bitterness in citrus which has negative impact on citrus fruit and juice industry worldwide. The term limonoids was derived from limonin, the first tetranortriterpenoid obtained from citrus bitter principles. Compounds belonging to this group have exhibited a range of biological activities like insecticidal, insect antifeedant and growth regulating activity on insects as well as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anticancer, antiviral and a number of other pharmacological activities on humans. Although hundreds of limonoids have been isolated from various plants but, their occurrence in the plant kingdom is confined to only plant families of order Rutales and that too more abundantly in Meliaceae and Rutaceae, and less frequently in Cneoraceae and Harrisonia sp. of Simaroubaceae. Limonoids are highly oxygenated, modified terpenoids with a prototypical structure either containing or derived from a precursor with a 4,4,8-trimethyl-17-furanylsteroid skeleton. All naturally occurring citrus limonoids contain a furan ring attached to the D-ring, at C-17, as well as oxygen containing functional groups at C-3, C-4, C-7, C-16 and C-17. The structural variations of limonoids found in Rutaceae are less than in Meliaceae and are generally limited to the modification of A and B rings, the limonoids of Meliaceae are more complex with very high degree of oxidation and rearrangement exhibited in the parent limonoid structure. To counter the problem of bitterness in citrus juice and products genetic engineering of citrus to maximize the formation of limonoid glucosides for reducing limonoid bitterness is the focus of recent and future research. Regarding the biological activities of limonoids the investigations are to be directed towards detailed characterization, quantification, and designing a simple as well as versatile synthetic route of apparently important limonoids. Extraction methods too should be optimized; evaluation and establishment of pharmaco-dynamic and kinetic principles, and structure activity relationships should be a key goal associated with limonoids so that they can be safely introduced in our arsenal of pharmaceuticals to safeguard the humanity from the wrath of disease and its discomfort.
504 citations
TL;DR: This paper aims to demonstrate the efforts towards in-situ applicability of EMMARM, as to provide real-time information about concrete mechanical properties such as E-modulus and compressive strength.
Abstract: Natural Science Foundation of China[30000213, 30370160, 30670214]; National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)[2009CB522300]; Chinese Academy of Sciences
372 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of various agrochemicals on the soil microbial diversity and environment is reviewed, and the importance of smallholder farmers for sustainable crop protection and enhancement solutions is highlighted.
Abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) states that in developing nations, there are three million cases of agrochemical poisoning. The prolonged intensive and indiscriminate use of agrochemicals adversely affected the soil biodiversity, agricultural sustainability, and food safety, bringing in long-term harmful effects on nutritional security, human and animal health. Most of the agrochemicals negatively affect soil microbial functions and biochemical processes. The alteration in diversity and composition of the beneficial microbial community can be unfavorable to plant growth and development either by reducing nutrient availability or by increasing disease incidence. Currently, there is a need for qualitative, innovative, and demand-driven research in soil science, especially in developing countries for facilitating of high-quality eco-friendly research by creating a conducive and trustworthy work atmosphere, thereby rewarding productivity and merits. Hence, we reviewed (1) the impact of various agrochemicals on the soil microbial diversity and environment; (2) the importance of smallholder farmers for sustainable crop protection and enhancement solutions, and (3) management strategies that serve the scientific community, policymakers, and land managers in integrating soil enhancement and sustainability practices in smallholder farming households. The current review provides an improved understanding of agricultural soil management for food and nutritional security.
341 citations
TL;DR: According to modern scientific literature the citron and the bitter orange may possess anti-cancer activity, lime may have an immunomodulatory effect in humans, and the pomelo may be useful for treating circulatory problems.
179 citations
Cites background from "Antifungal activity of some tetrano..."
...Govindachari et al. (2000)tested limonin, limonol an omilinic acids from the citron for their antifungal activ gainstPuccinia arachidis, a groundnut rust pathogen, a howed them to be effective in reducing the emergence o ustules....
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TL;DR: How a developing country like Nigeria can harness the numerous opportunities presented by the multi-biological and multi-pharmacological nature of A. indica to solve some of her myriad problems, including those in the agricultural, health and economic sectors is reviewed.
Abstract: Azadirachta indica, commonly called neem or ‘dogonyaro’ in Nigeria, is a plant that has found varied use in ecological, medicinal and agricultural sectors. Biological and pharmacological activities attributed to different parts and extracts of these plants include antiplasmodial, antitrypanosomal, antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, larvicidal and fungicidal activities. Others include antiulcer, spermicidal, anthelminthic, antidiabetic, anti-implantation, immunomodulating, molluscicidal, nematicidal, immunocontraceptive, insecticidal, antifeedant and insect repellant effects. But toxicological activities such as allergic, genotoxic, cytogenetic and radiosensitizing effects have also been reported in humans and some economic animals, particularly, aquatic organisms, chicks and goats. Bioassay-guided studies and phytochemical analyses utilizing modern state-of-the-art techniques such as HPLC–MS, GC–MS, NMR and Infra Red spectroscopy have revealed that phytocompounds like azadirachtins, nimocinol, isomeldenin, azadirachtol (a tetranortriterpernoid), 2,3′-dehydrosalanol gedunin, nimbin, nimolicinol, odoratone, azadironolide, isoazadironolide, naheedin and mahmoodin are responsible for the varied biological, pharmacological and toxicological properties observed. In this paper, we review how a developing country like Nigeria can harness the numerous opportunities presented by the multi-biological and multi-pharmacological nature of A. indica to solve some of her myriad problems, including those in the agricultural, health and economic sectors.
141 citations
Cites background from "Antifungal activity of some tetrano..."
...1; Table 1) for the reported antibacterial and other antimicrobial activities (Siddiqui et al. 1992; Govindachari et al. 2000; Biswas et al. 2002; Brahmachari 2004; Subapriya and Nagini 2005; Bhattacharyya et al. 2007; Girish and Shankara 2008)....
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01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: This CD-ROM provides the tools to draw structures and then search for them, and presents over 10,000 monographs which detail chemicals, drugs and biologicals, and describe a single substance or small group of related compounds.
Abstract: Presents over 10,000 monographs which detail chemicals, drugs and biologicals, and describe a single substance or small group of related compounds This CD-ROM provides the tools to draw structures and then search for them Users are able to access the data they need quickly with a choice of search options: text search, structure search, and sub-structure search Text searching is possible for every field of the database: chemical, common, generic and brand names; molecular weights and formulae; physical and toxicity data; and citations to the scientific and patent literature New with this release are organic name reactions available as a fully text searchable file, and 100 new monographs detailing the latest new drugs and compounds of recent interest This CD-ROM should be of interest to medicinal chemists, pharmaceutical chemists, biochemists, environmentalists, medical practitioners, natural product chemists, biologists, food scientists, pharmacologists, clinical chemists, organic chemists, inorganic chemists, and information professionals
3,577 citations
TL;DR: The useful plants of India the authors, the useful plants in India, The useful plants from India, useful plants for agriculture, and the useful trees of India, the authors...
Abstract: The useful plants of India , The useful plants of India , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
887 citations
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey of antifungal metabolites in higher plants is presented, and a distinction is made between constitutive agents and phytoalexins, which are specifically formed in response to fungal inoculation.
Abstract: Index-Flowering plants; antifungal agents; constitutive compounds; phytoalexins; second- ary metabolites. Abstract-Recent work on the characterization of antifungal metabolites in higher plants is reviewed. Interesting new structures are discussed and the distribution of those substances in different plant families is outlined. Distinction is made between constitutive antifungal agents and phytoalexins, which are specifically formed in response to fungal inoculation. The literature survey covers the 12 years since 1982. INTRODUCTION A fungal spore landing on the leaf surface of a plant has to combat a complex series of defensive barriers set up by the plant before it can germinate, grow into the plant tissues and survive. The arsenal of weapons against the fungus includes physical barriers (e.g. a thick cuticle) and chemical ones, i.e. the presence or accumulation of anti- fungal metabolites. These can be preformed in the plant, the so called ‘constitutive antifungal substances’, or they are induced after infection involving de
474 citations
TL;DR: This review summarizes the literature on the biological activities of limonoid of known structure, and attempts to relate those activities to current concepts of the evolution of the limonoids.
407 citations