Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy to Kill Gram-negative Bacteria
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TLDR
This review covers significant peer-reviewed articles together with US and World patents that were filed within the past few years and that relate to the eradication of Gram-negative bacteria via PDI or PDT.Abstract:
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) or photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a new promising strategy to
eradicate pathogenic microorganisms such as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and fungi. The search for
new approaches that can kill bacteria but do not induce the appearance of undesired drug-resistant strains suggests that
PDT may have advantages over traditional antibiotic therapy. PDT is a non-thermal photochemical reaction that involves
the simultaneous presence of visible light, oxygen and a dye or photosensitizer (PS). Several PS have been studied for
their ability to bind to bacteria and efficiently generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon photo-stimulation. ROS are
formed through type I or II mechanisms and may inactivate several classes of microbial cells including Gram-negative
bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are typically characterized by an impermeable outer cell membrane that
contains endotoxins and blocks antibiotics, dyes, and detergents, protecting the sensitive inner membrane and cell wall.
This review covers significant peer-reviewed articles together with US and World patents that were filed within the past
few years and that relate to the eradication of Gram-negative bacteria via PDI or PDT. It is organized mainly according to
the nature of the PS involved and includes natural or synthetic food dyes; cationic dyes such as methylene blue and toluidine
blue; tetrapyrrole derivatives such as phthalocyanines, chlorins, porphyrins, chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll derivatives;
functionalized fullerenes; nanoparticles combined with different PS; other formulations designed to target PS to
bacteria; photoactive materials and surfaces; conjugates between PS and polycationic polymers or antibodies; and permeabilizing
agents such as EDTA, PMNP and CaCl2. The present review also covers the different laboratory animal models
normally used to treat Gram-negative bacterial infections with antimicrobial PDT.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Photodynamic therapy - mechanisms, photosensitizers and combinations.
Stanisław Kwiatkowski,Bartosz Knap,Dawid Przystupski,Jolanta Saczko,Ewa Kędzierska,Karolina Knap-Czop,Jolanta Kotlinska,Olga Michel,Krzysztof Kotowski,Julita Kulbacka +9 more
TL;DR: The object of this review is the anticancer application of PDT, its advantages and possible modifications to potentiate its effects, and the use of nanoparticles enables achievement a targeted method which is focused on specific receptors, and, as a result, increases the selectivity of the photodynamic therapy.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nanomedicine and advanced technologies for burns: Preventing infection and facilitating wound healing.
Mirza Ali Mofazzal Jahromi,Parham Sahandi Zangabad,Seyed Masoud Moosavi Basri,Keyvan Sahandi Zangabad,Ameneh Ghamarypour,Amir Reza Aref,Mahdi Karimi,Michael R. Hamblin,Michael R. Hamblin +8 more
TL;DR: The present review covers the physiology of skin, burn classification, burn wound pathogenesis, animal models of burn wound infection, and various topical therapeutic approaches designed to combat infection and stimulate healing, including biological based approaches and nanotechnology-based wound healing approaches as a revolutionizing area.
Journal ArticleDOI
Photodynamic therapy: current status and future directions.
TL;DR: The relationship between the structure and physicochemical properties of a PS, its cellular uptake and subcellular localization, and its effect on PDT outcome and efficacy are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Can microbial cells develop resistance to oxidative stress in antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation
Nasim Kashef,Michael R. Hamblin +1 more
TL;DR: An overview of recent studies concerning the susceptibility of bacteria towards oxidative stress, and possible mechanisms of the development of APDI-resistance that should at least be addressed are suggested.
Journal ArticleDOI
Recent developments in smart antibacterial surfaces to inhibit biofilm formation and bacterial infections
Xi Li,Biao Wu,Hao Chen,Hao Chen,Kaihui Nan,Kaihui Nan,Yingying Jin,Lin Sun,Bailiang Wang,Bailiang Wang +9 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the recent progress in biofilm interference and smart antibacterial surfaces and discuss the major topics discussed are: (i) smart anti-biofilm surfaces via the prevention of biofilm formation or promoting mature biofilm dissolution, (ii) smart materials for reversible killing and/or release of bacteria, (iii) smart surfaces responsive to bacterial infection microenvironments or external stimuli and (iv) bio-inspired surfaces with antifouling and bactericidal properties.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Molecular basis of bacterial outer membrane permeability.
Hiroshi Nikaido,Martti Vaara +1 more
TL;DR: It is becoming increasingly clear that the outer membrane is very important in the physiology of gram-negative bacteria in making them resistant to host defense factors such as lysozyme, P-lysin, and various leukocyte proteins.
Journal ArticleDOI
Agents that increase the permeability of the outer membrane.
TL;DR: Chelators (such as EDTA, nitrilotriacetic acid, and sodium hexametaphosphate), which disintegrate the outer membrane by removing Mg2+ and Ca2+, are effective and valuable permeabilizers.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part one—-photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization
TL;DR: The most important factor governing the outcome of PDT is how the PS interacts with cells in the target tissue or tumor, and the key aspect of this interaction is the subcellular localization of the PS.
Journal ArticleDOI
Federal Funding for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance in Nosocomial Pathogens: No ESKAPE
TL;DR: The research agenda of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) for antimicrobial resistance is detailed, indicating that NIAID funding of antimicrobial research has grown considerably over the past decade, now totaling more than $800 million annually.
Journal ArticleDOI
Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT).
TL;DR: Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT), which predates the related cancer regimen, is proposed as a potential, low-cost approach to the treatment of locally occurring infection.
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