Apparatus and technique involved in a laboratory method of detecting the addictiveness of drugs
01 Apr 1955-Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Elsevier)-Vol. 44, Iss: 4, pp 229-231
TL;DR: A new procedure for the laboratory determination of drug addiction has been devised and subjected to a preliminary trial using rats as experimental subjects, and preliminary data indicate the method to be worthy of further study.
Abstract: A new procedure for the laboratory determination of drug addiction has been devised and subjected to a preliminary trial using rats as experimental subjects. Automatic equipment has been constructed and utilized to produce permanent records indicating the influence of morphine, codeine, glucose, saline, and insulin administration to pretreated and deprived animals. Preliminary data indicate the method to be worthy of further study.
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TL;DR: This is publication number 11130-NP from The Scripps Research Institute and research was supported by National Institutes of Health grants DA04043, DA04398, and DA08467.
967 citations
TL;DR: Emerging human data support the clinical relevance of negative emotionality for protracted abstinence and relapse and prompt a series of research questions.
Abstract: The role of withdrawal-related phenomena in the development and maintenance of alcohol addiction remains under debate. A 'self-medication' framework postulates that emotional changes are induced by a history of alcohol use, persist into abstinence, and are a major factor in maintaining alcoholism. This view initially focused on negative emotional states during early withdrawal: these are pronounced, occur in the vast majority of alcohol-dependent patients, and are characterized by depressed mood and elevated anxiety. This concept lost popularity with the realization that in most patients, these symptoms abate over 3-6 weeks of abstinence, while relapse risk persists long beyond this period. More recently, animal data have established that a prolonged history of alcohol dependence induces more subtle neuroadaptations. These confer altered emotional processing that persists long into protracted abstinence. The resulting behavioral phenotype is characterized by excessive voluntary alcohol intake and increased behavioral sensitivity to stress. Emerging human data support the clinical relevance of negative emotionality for protracted abstinence and relapse. These developments prompt a series of research questions: (1) are processes observed during acute withdrawal, while transient in nature, mechanistically related to those that remain during protracted abstinence?; (2) is susceptibility to negative emotionality in acute withdrawal in part due to heritable factors, similar to what animal models have indicated for susceptibility to physical aspects of withdrawal?; and (3) to what extent is susceptibility to negative affect that persists into protracted abstinence heritable?
381 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that the CTA literature contains evidence of the existence of two qualitatively distinct types of CTA, one which is mediated by emetic agents and the other induced by SA drugs, and the neural mechanisms underlying both the positive and aversive properties of SA drugs are the same and at the same time different.
343 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: If the entire materia medica at the authors' disposal were limited to the choice and use of only one drug, I am sure that a great many, if not the majority, of us would choose opium.
Abstract: If the entire materia medica at our disposal were limited to the choice and use of only one drug, I am sure that a great many, if not the majority, of us would choose opium ([Macht, 1915][1]).
### A. Early History
Opium is the dried milky juice of the unripe seed capsule of the poppy, the Papaver
318 citations
Cites background from "Apparatus and technique involved in..."
...Self-injection by animals was first reported by Headlee et al. (1955), who demonstrated that morphine was injected i.p. by physically dependent rats....
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TL;DR: Wilner and Kassebaum as discussed by the authors pointed out that the psychoanalyst's explanations of human behavior, including drug addiction and relapse, are also couched in mentalistic terms and hence cannot be tested for validity in the accepted manner of the natural sciences.
287 citations
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TL;DR: Combinations of narcotine and morphine (narcophine) were said to produce a better analgesia than did the morphine and codeine was reported as quite inferior to either morphine or papaverine.
Abstract: Sahli, 1 following the introduction of omnopon, expressed the opinion that the combination of the alkaloids of opium produced a stronger and more rapid action than morphine Winternitz 2 administered large dosages of the residual alkaloids to man, and although he was able to produce narcosis without undesirable side actions concluded that morphine was quite superior if analgesia was required Macht and his associates, 3 after an extensive study of the responses of man to graded electrical stimuli before and after the administration of a series of the opium alkaloids, reported that the order of analgesic power was morphine > papaverine > codeine > narcotine > and thebaine Codeine was reported as quite inferior to either morphine or papaverine Narcotine alone produced an initial hypersensitiveness which was followed by a slight analgesia Nevertheless, combinations of narcotine and morphine (narcophine) were said to produce a better analgesia than did the morphine
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