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Journal ArticleDOI

Application of Actinobacterial and Fungal Morphology on the Design ofOperating Strategies in Bioprocess Development

TL;DR: This review is concerned with the application of morphological variables to correlate with bioprocess parameters for explaining optimal production strategy.
Abstract: Various options in biotechnology have been exercised to produce industrially important metabolites from fila- mentous organisms. To select a suitable production strategy, the direct and indirect roles of morphological parameters in controlling bioprocess variables are observed. Some progress has been made in quantitation of morphology.Useful corre- lations have been reported in the literature in this avenue. Of course, some of the models, with proper modification, can be used to explain the morphological phenomena. This review is concerned with the application of morphological variables to correlate with bioprocess parameters for explaining optimal production strategy.

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TL;DR: The results suggested that the submerged cultivation of Coriolus versicolor followed by ethanol precipitation of EPS and the methanol extraction of mycelia can be a promising process to obtain biological active compounds with significant antimicrobial activity.
Abstract: Bioactive compounds obtained from Coriolus versicolor (Trametes versicolor (L.: Fr) Lloyd, 1920.) mushrooms cultivated in a stirred-tank bioreactor were tested to determine their antimicrobial potential. Extracellular polysaccharides were isolated from the fermentation broth by ethanol precipitation. A methanol extract was prepared from mycelium. The cultivation conditions applied during the fermentation process provided for significant biomass 6.63 ± 0.31 g dry weight L− 1 and yield of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) (0.74 ± 0.12 g L− 1). Microscopic analyses revealed that the mycelium grew predominately in the form of fluffy pellets. The methanol extract demonstrated very good activity against all the tested Gram-positive bacteria. Bacillus spizizeni and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most sensitive strains (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) Our results suggested that the submerged cultivation of Coriolus versicolor followed by ethanol precipitation of EPS and the methanol extraction of mycelia can be a promising process to obtain biological active compounds with significant antimicrobial activity. Industrial Relevance Mushrooms contain a large number of chemicals with potential use as antimicrobial compounds. One of the biggest challenges for providing biologically active compounds from mushrooms is short-term process standardization with a low risk for contamination. Submerged culture cultivation is the best choice for providing antimicrobial compounds from mushrooms. The submerged culture method represents an effective and energy-efficient means to produce novel antibacterial compound from mushrooms. Antibacterial activity testing revealed that methanol extract and isolated exopolysaccharides exhibited strong antibacterial activity, especially against Gram-positive bacteria.

29 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The production of laccase was optimized by the application of response surface methodology and was 8-fold and 7.5-fold more in static and low-speed shake conditions, respectively, in an optimal medium composition than in an unoptimized medium.
Abstract: Studies on laccase production by Daedalea flavida were carried out in static and low-speed shake cultures. The enzyme production was reduced drastically at a high speed of shaking. Optimal production conditions are necessary to assess the quality of laccase suitable for a specific application. Thus, the production of laccase was optimized by the application of response surface methodology. Laccase production was 8-fold and 7.5-fold more in static and low-speed shake conditions, respectively, in an optimal medium composition than in an unoptimized medium. Laccase obtained using the optimal culture medium of D. flavida was tested for its stability at different temperatures and pH conditions. The partially purified enzyme was most stable at 30°C and pH 5. The half-life of laccase is 87 min at 60°C and at pH 6. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated for the inactivation of the partially purified laccase. The entropy change of inactivation of the enzyme is least at pH 4.

8 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review is focused on the factors influencing the fungal morphology and metabolite production in submerged culture and the development of any particular morphological form.

793 citations


"Application of Actinobacterial and ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...It is relevant to mention here that Pappagianni [4] reviews on understanding of growth mechanisms of fungal systems *Address correspondence to this author at the Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, MSB 140 A and MSB 235A, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, Índia; Tel: +91-9840708563 or +91-44- 22574160; E-mails: panda@iitm.ac.in or pandaiitm@yahoo.co.in and the factors influencing fungal growth [5] suggested that the understanding of morphology is lagging behind in biopharmaceuticals producing filamentous organisms whereas Grimm et al. [6] hint at the relationship between morphology and productivity as a challenge....

    [...]

  • ...It is relevant to mention here that Pappagianni [4] reviews on understanding of growth mechanisms of fungal systems...

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Early approaches to model this morphologic development are recapitulated in this review to explain current trends in this area of research and present recent advances in the investigation of fungal metabolism.
Abstract: Cultivation processes involving filamentous fungi have been optimised for decades to obtain high product yields. Several bulk chemicals like citric acid and penicillin are produced this way. A simple adaptation of cultivation parameters for new production processes is not possible though. Models explaining the correlation between process-dependent growth behaviour and productivity are therefore necessary to prevent long-lasting empiric test series. Yet, filamentous growth consists of a complex microscopic differentiation process from conidia to hyphae resulting in various macroscopically visible appearances. Early approaches to model this morphologic development are recapitulated in this review to explain current trends in this area of research. Tailoring morphology by adjusting process parameters is one side of the coin, but an ideal morphology has not even been found. This article reviews several reasons for this fact starting with nutrient supply in a fungal culture and presents recent advances in the investigation of fungal metabolism. It illustrates the challenge to unfold the relationship between morphology and productivity.

224 citations


"Application of Actinobacterial and ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...[6] hint at the relationship between morphology and productivity as a challenge....

    [...]

  • ...However, a relationship between the morphology and productivity is a complex phenomenon involving mass transport, molecular basis of morphological analysis, and flow behavior in mycelial structure [6]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The current article reviews the advances that has been made in both the empirical- and mechanistic-type kinetic models and discusses the insights that have been achieved through the modeling work and the improvements to models that will be necessary in the future.

179 citations

01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the potential bioprocessing strategies that can be applied to inhibit protease activity thereby enhancing heterologous protein production is presented. But, despite the achievements obtained using molecular tools, the degradation of extracellular fungal protease degradation persists.
Abstract: Filamentous fungi have long been used for the production of metabolites and enzymes. With developments in genetic engineering and molecular biology, filamentous fungi have also achieved increased attention as hosts for recombinant DNA. However, the production levels of non-fungal proteins are usually low. Despite the achievements obtained using molecular tools, the heterologous protein loss caused by extracellular fungal protease degradation persists. This review provides an overview of the potential bioprocessing strategies that can be applied to inhibit protease activity thereby enhancing heterologous protein production.

155 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of the potential bioprocessing strategies that can be applied to inhibit protease activity thereby enhancing heterologous protein production is provided.

152 citations


"Application of Actinobacterial and ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...in and the factors influencing fungal growth [5] suggested that the understanding of morphology is lagging behind in biopharmaceuticals producing filamentous organisms whereas Grimm et al....

    [...]