Application of antimicrobial peptides in agriculture and food industry
19 Feb 2009-World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology (Springer Netherlands)-Vol. 25, Iss: 6, pp 933-944
TL;DR: This review considers the developing field of antimicrobial peptide applications in various agricultural activities and indicates a promising future for extensive application of these peptides.
Abstract: Antimicrobial peptides have captured the attention of researchers in recent years because of their efficiency in fighting against pathogens. These peptides are found in nature and have been isolated from a wide range of organisms. Furthermore, analogs or synthetic derivatives have successfully been developed on the basis of natural peptide patterns. Long use of pesticides and antibiotics has led to development of resistance among pathogens and other pests as well as increase of environmental and health risks. Antimicrobial peptides are under consideration as new substitutes for conventional pesticides and antibiotics. Many plants and animals have been manipulated with antimicrobial peptide-encoding genes and several pesticides and drugs have been produced based on these peptides. Such strategies and products may still have a long way to go before being confirmed by regulatory bodies and others need to surmount technical problems before being accepted as applicable ones. In spite of these facts, several cases of successful use of antimicrobial peptides in agriculture and food industry indicate a promising future for extensive application of these peptides. In this review, we consider the developing field of antimicrobial peptide applications in various agricultural activities.
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TL;DR: An overview of the main physicochemical features that can be engineered to achieve enhanced bioactivity of antimicrobials is provided and current strategies being used to design AMPs are described.
229 citations
TL;DR: The potential of antimicrobial peptides as novel therapeutic agents is being evaluated, however, optimisation of APs designed for therapy will need to focus on such factors as their susceptibility to proteolytic degradation and reduction of toxicity to mammalian cells.
Abstract: Antimicrobial peptides (APs) have been described as evolutionary ancient weapons. Produced by a wide variety of organisms as part of a non-specific immune response, these peptides are involved in the direct destruction of various microorganisms. Several APs have been shown to have broad activity spectra against microorganisms such as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, enveloped viruses, fungi and parasites. Given that resistance to a number of antibiotics has developed in a wide range of microbes, the potential of APs as novel therapeutic agents is being evaluated. However, optimisation of APs designed for therapy will need to focus on such factors as their susceptibility to proteolytic degradation and reduction of toxicity to mammalian cells. Strict guidelines pertaining to their use should also be established to prevent or hinder future development of bacterial resistance to such peptides.
166 citations
Cites background from "Application of antimicrobial peptid..."
...Although in use, nisin is not ideal as it is affected by such factors as temperature and by additives such as sodium chloride; however, these factors also affect other preservatives [Keymanesh et al., 2009]....
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...It is thus their sequence, size, cationic nature, hydrophobicity and amphipathicity that govern their interaction with target cells [Keymanesh et al., 2009]....
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...Not only can they be used clinically, but they can also be applied in agriculture, the food industry, animal husbandry and in aquaculture [Keymanesh et al., 2009]....
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TL;DR: The results suggest that high-level constitutive expression of floral defensins having distinctive prodomains is an efficient strategy for development of fungal resistance in economically important fruit crops like banana.
Abstract: Antimicrobial peptides are a potent group of defense active molecules that have been utilized in developing resistance against a multitude of plant pathogens. Floral defensins constitute a group of cysteine-rich peptides showing potent growth inhibition of pathogenic filamentous fungi especially Fusarium oxysporum in vitro. Full length genes coding for two Petunia floral defensins, PhDef1 and PhDef2 having unique C- terminal 31 and 27 amino acid long predicted prodomains, were overexpressed in transgenic banana plants using embryogenic cells as explants for Agrobacterium–mediated genetic transformation. High level constitutive expression of these defensins in elite banana cv. Rasthali led to significant resistance against infection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense as shown by in vitro and ex vivo bioassay studies. Transgenic banana lines expressing either of the two defensins were clearly less chlorotic and had significantly less infestation and discoloration in the vital corm region of the plant as compared to untransformed controls. Transgenic banana plants expressing high level of full-length PhDef1 and PhDef2 were phenotypically normal and no stunting was observed. In conclusion, our results suggest that high-level constitutive expression of floral defensins having distinctive prodomains is an efficient strategy for development of fungal resistance in economically important fruit crops like banana.
109 citations
Cites background from "Application of antimicrobial peptid..."
...The most prominent candidates for developing fungal resistance in crop plants as shown by a number of promising studies done over the past two decades are small antimicrobial peptides of plant origin collectively called defensins [28]....
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TL;DR: The functional properties and health benefits of bioactive peptides from Spirulina are reviewed, potential mechanisms by which bioactive components can be exploited in the development of novel foods with special health claims are presented, and recent developments in proteomics, bioactivity screening methods, and opportunities for designing future peptide-based foods are described.
Abstract: Bioactive peptides represent specific sequences of amino acids that have biological activity with several health effects and potential applications, which can be obtained from diverse protein sources. Spirulina, the cyanobacterium known for its high protein content and therapeutic properties, has been investigated as a potential source of bioactive peptides. Some bioactive peptides derived from Spirulina are under study for their ability to offer specific health benefits, such as antimicrobial, antiallergic, antihypertensive, antitumor, and immunomodulatory properties. Bioactive peptide fractions from Spirulina biomass can be obtained through a series of operations, including cell lysis and protein extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis, potential bioactivity screening, fractionation, and purification. Potentially, Spirulina-derived peptide fractions can be applied as nutraceutical ingredients in foods and pharmaceuticals. This article reviews the functional properties and health benefits of bioactive p...
107 citations
TL;DR: This review is focused on recent trends and applications of bacteriocins in different areas in addition to their biopreservative potential.
Abstract: In the modern era, there is great need for food preservation in both developing and developed countries due to increasing demand for extending shelf life and prevention of spoilage of food material. With the emergence of new pathogens and ability of micro-organisms to undergo changes, exploration of new avenues for the food preservation has gained importance. Moreover, awareness among consumers regarding harmful effects of chemical preservatives has been increased. Globally, altogether there is increasing demand by consumers for chemical-free and minimal processed food products. Potential of bacteriocin and its application in reducing the microbiological spoilages and in the preservation of food is long been recognized. Bacteriocins are normally specific to closely related species without disrupting the growth of other microbial populations. A number of applications of bacteriocin have been reported for humans, live stock, aquaculture etc. This review is focused on recent trends and applications of bacteriocins in different areas in addition to their biopreservative potential.
85 citations
Cites background from "Application of antimicrobial peptid..."
...…preservation of food has been widely reported in literature either individually or in combination with other preservation methods, such as heat treatment, high pressures or modified atmosphere packaging (Allende et al., 2006; De Vuyst and Leroy, 2007; Keymanesh et al., 2009; Abriouel et al., 2010)....
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References
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TL;DR: As the need for new antibiotics becomes more pressing, could the design of anti-infective drugs based on the design principles these molecules teach us?
Abstract: Multicellular organisms live, by and large, harmoniously with microbes. The cornea of the eye of an animal is almost always free of signs of infection. The insect flourishes without lymphocytes or antibodies. A plant seed germinates successfully in the midst of soil microbes. How is this accomplished? Both animals and plants possess potent, broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides, which they use to fend off a wide range of microbes, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. What sorts of molecules are they? How are they employed by animals in their defence? As our need for new antibiotics becomes more pressing, could we design anti-infective drugs based on the design principles these molecules teach us?
7,657 citations
"Application of antimicrobial peptid..." refers background in this paper
...They are ubiquitous in nature, they have high selectivity against target organisms and resistance against them is rarely observed (Zasloff 2002)....
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TL;DR: The intention of this review is to illustrate the contemporary structural and functional themes among mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide action and resistance.
Abstract: Antimicrobial peptides have been isolated and characterized from tissues and organisms representing virtually every kingdom and phylum, ranging from prokaryotes to humans. Yet, recurrent structural and functional themes in mechanisms of action and resistance are observed among peptides of widely diverse source and composition. Biochemical distinctions among the peptides themselves, target versus host cells, and the microenvironments in which these counterparts convene, likely provide for varying degrees of selective toxicity among diverse antimicrobial peptide types. Moreover, many antimicrobial peptides employ sophisticated and dynamic mechanisms of action to effect rapid and potent activities consistent with their likely roles in antimicrobial host defense. In balance, successful microbial pathogens have evolved multifaceted and effective countermeasures to avoid exposure to and subvert mechanisms of antimicrobial peptides. A clearer recognition of these opposing themes will significantly advance our understanding of how antimicrobial peptides function in defense against infection. Furthermore, this understanding may provide new models and strategies for developing novel antimicrobial agents, that may also augment immunity, restore potency or amplify the mechanisms of conventional antibiotics, and minimize antimicrobial resistance mechanisms among pathogens. From these perspectives, the intention of this review is to illustrate the contemporary structural and functional themes among mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide action and resistance.
2,687 citations
"Application of antimicrobial peptid..." refers background in this paper
...developing proteolytic activities) strategies ( Yeaman and Yount 2003 )....
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...by making pores or channels in it), derange normal biological activity of membrane ( Yeaman and Yount 2003 )....
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TL;DR: A review of different types of antimicrobial polymers developed for food contact, commercial applications, testing methods, regulations and future trends is presented in this article, with a special emphasis on the advantages/disadvantages of each technology.
Abstract: Research and development of antimicrobial materials for food applications such as packaging and other food contact surfaces is expected to grow in the next decade with the advent of new polymer materials and antimicrobials. This article reviews the different types of antimicrobial polymers developed for food contact, commercial applications, testing methods, regulations and future trends. Special emphasis will be on the advantages/disadvantages of each technology.
1,491 citations
"Application of antimicrobial peptid..." refers background in this paper
...Dipping and spraying foods with bacteriocins possibly leads to reduction or loss of antimicrobial activity as a result of inactivation of the bacteriocins by food components or dilution below active concentration through migration into the food product ( Appendini and Hotchkiss 2002 )....
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TL;DR: Biological control of postharvest diseases (BCPD) has emerged as an effective alternative to fungicide use because wound-invading necrotrophic pathogens are vulnerable to biocontrol, antagonists can be applied directly to the targeted area (fruit wounds), and a single application can significantly reduce fruit decays.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract Losses from postharvest fruit diseases range from 1 to 20 percent in the United States, depending on the commodity. The application of fungicides to fruits after harvest to reduce decay has been increasingly curtailed by the development of pathogen resistance to many key fungicides, the lack of replacement fungicides, negative public perception regarding the safety of pesticides and consequent restrictions on fungicide use. Biological control of postharvest diseases (BCPD) has emerged as an effective alternative. Because wound-invading necrotrophic pathogens are vulnerable to biocontrol, antagonists can be applied directly to the targeted area (fruit wounds), and a single application using existing delivery systems (drenches, line sprayers, on-line dips) can significantly reduce fruit decays. The pioneering biocontrol products BioSave and Aspire were registered by EPA in 1995 for control of postharvest rots of pome and citrus fruit, respectively, and are commercially available. The limitations ...
994 citations
"Application of antimicrobial peptid..." refers background in this paper
...Application of chemical fungicides to control post-harvest diseases is increasingly restricted, due to concerns about the safety of fungicides and development of pathogen resistance to many key fungicides ( Janisiewicz and Korsten 2002 )....
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...The limitations of these biocontrol products can be resolved in many ways including making them more efficient by genetic manipulation ( Janisiewicz and Korsten 2002 )....
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TL;DR: The role of membrane lipid composition, specifically non-bilayer lipids, on peptide activity will also be discussed, and structure-activity studies of these peptides reveal two main requirements for antimicrobial activity, a cationic charge and an induced amphipathic conformation.
843 citations