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Journal ArticleDOI

Application of phase change materials in thermal management of electronics

01 Dec 2007-Applied Thermal Engineering (Pergamon)-Vol. 27, Iss: 17, pp 2822-2832
TL;DR: In this article, a novel PCM package for thermal management of portable electronic devices was investigated experimentally for effects of various parameters e.g. power input, orientation of package, and various melting/freezing times under cyclic steady conditions.
About: This article is published in Applied Thermal Engineering.The article was published on 2007-12-01. It has received 310 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Thermal resistance & Electronics cooling.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the state of the art of phase change materials for thermal energy storage applications is reviewed and an insight into recent efforts to develop new phase change material with enhanced performance and safety.

1,399 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of clean vehicles, including pure electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEVs) and high energy power batteries, such as nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), lithium-ion (Li-ion) and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), are discussed and compared.
Abstract: This paper reviews the development of clean vehicles, including pure electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), and high energy power batteries, such as nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), lithium-ion (Li-ion) and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The mathematical models and thermal behavior of the batteries are described. Details of various thermal management techniques, especially the PCMs battery thermal management system and the materials thermal conductivity, are discussed and compared. It is concluded that the EVs, HEVs and FCEVs are effective to reduce GHG and pollutants emission and save energy. At stressful and abuse conditions, especially at high discharge rates and at high operating or ambient temperatures, traditional battery thermal energy management systems, such as air and liquid, may be not meeting the requirements. Pulsating heat pipe may be more effective but needs to be well designed. In addition, progress in developing new high temperature material is very difficult. PCM for battery thermal management is a better selection than others. Nevertheless, thermal conductivity of the PCMs such as paraffin is low and some methods are adopted to enhance the heat transfer of the PCMs. The performance and thermo-mechanical behaviors of the improved PCMs in the battery thermal management system need to be investigated experimentally. And the possibility of the heat collection and recycling needs to be discussed in terms of energy saving and efficient.

812 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed review is reported for thermal stability of different groups of phase change materials (PCMs) used in the latent heat energy storage system, including organic (paraffins and non-paraffin), inorganic (salt hydrates and metallics) and eutectics (organic eutectorics and inorganic eUTectics).
Abstract: Successful utilization of the latent heat energy storage system depends considerably on the thermal reliability and stability of the phase change materials (PCMs) used. Thermal stability of phase change material can be established by measuring the thermo-physical properties of the PCM after a number of repeated thermal cycles. A comprehensive knowledge of thermal stability of the PCMs as functions of number of repeated thermal cycles is essential to ensure the long-term performance and economic feasibility of the latent heat storage systems. In this paper, a detailed review is reported for thermal stability of different groups of PCMs. The PCMs are categorized as organic (paraffins and non-paraffins), inorganic (salt hydrates and metallics) and eutectics (organic eutectics and inorganic eutectics). Further, a broad database of different PCMs is developed for which thermal cycling tests were carried out by different researchers and reported in the literature. Some conclusions are derived after critical evaluation of thermal stability of different groups of PCMs. This review will assist to identify the most reliable PCM to be used for a particular application of latent heat energy storage system.

550 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed review of effect of phase change material (PCM) encapsulation on the performance of a thermal energy storage system (TESS) is presented, where the key encapsulation parameters, namely, encapsulation size, shell thickness, shell material and encapsulation geometry have been investigated thoroughly.
Abstract: This paper presents a detailed review of effect of phase change material (PCM) encapsulation on the performance of a thermal energy storage system (TESS). The key encapsulation parameters, namely, encapsulation size, shell thickness, shell material and encapsulation geometry have been investigated thoroughly. It was observed that the core-to-coating ratio plays an important role in deciding the thermal and structural stability of the encapsulated PCM. An increased core-to-coating ratio results in a weak encapsulation, whereas, the amount of PCM and hence the heat storage capacity decreases with a decreased core-to-coating ratio. Thermal conductivity of shell material found to have a significant influence on the heat exchange between the PCM and heat transfer fluid (HTF). This paper also reviews the solidification and melting characteristics of the PCM and the effect of various encapsulation parameters on the phase change behavior. It was observed that a higher thermal conductivity of shell material, a lower shell size and high temperature of HTF results in rapid melting of the encapsulated PCM. Conduction and natural convection found to be dominant during solidification and melt processes, respectively. A significant enhancement in heat transfer was observed with microencapsulated phase change slurry (MPCS) due to direct surface contact between the encapsulated PCM and the HTF. It was reported that the pressure drop and viscosity increases substantially with increase in volumetric concentration of the microcapsules.

484 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a critical review of traditional and emerging cooling methods as well as coolants for electronics is provided, summarizing traditional coolants, heat transfer properties and performances of potential new coolants such as nanofluids are also reviewed and analyzed.
Abstract: Continued miniaturization and demand for high-end performance of electronic devices and appliances have led to dramatic increase in their heat flux generation. Consequently, conventional coolants and cooling approaches are increasingly falling short in meeting the ever-increasing cooling needs and challenges of those high heat generating electronic devices. This study provides a critical review of traditional and emerging cooling methods as well as coolants for electronics. In addition to summarizing traditional coolants, heat transfer properties and performances of potential new coolants such as nanofluids are also reviewed and analyzed. With superior thermal properties and numerous benefits nanofluids show great promises in fulfilling the cooling demands of high heat generating electronic devices. It is believed that applications of such novel coolants in emerging techniques like micro-channels and micro-heat pipes can revolutionize cooling technologies for electronics in the future.

441 citations

References
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Book
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this article, the authors estimate physical properties of pure components and Mixtures and show that the properties of these components and mixtures are similar to those of ideal gases and liquids.
Abstract: Chapter 1: The Estimation of Physical Properties. Chapter 2: Pure Component Constants. Chapter 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Ideal Gases. Chapter 4: Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships of Pure Gases and Liquids. Chapter 5: Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships of Mixtures. Chapter 6: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Components and Mixtures. Chapter 7: Vapor Pressures and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Pure Fluids. Chapter 8: Fluid Phase Equilibria in Multicomponent Systems. Chapter 9: Viscosity. Chapter 10: Thermal Conductivity. Chapter 11: Diffusion Coefficients. Chapter 12: Surface Tension.

14,380 citations

Book
15 Dec 1996

1,322 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, various heat transfer enhancement methods for latent heat thermal storage (LHTS) systems are discussed and three different experiments to augment heat transfer were conducted and the findings are reported.

483 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, phase change materials (PCM) are used in free cooling systems to store outdoors coolness during the night, to supply indoors cooling during the day, and an installation that allows testing the performance of PCMs in such systems was designed and constructed.
Abstract: In this paper, the application of phase change materials (PCM) in free-cooling systems is studied. Free-cooling is understood as a means to store outdoors coolness during the night, to supply indoors cooling during the day. The use of PCMs is suitable because of the small temperature difference between day indoors and night outdoors. An installation that allows testing the performance of PCMs in such systems was designed and constructed. The main influence parameters like ratio of energy/volume in the encapsulates, load/unload rate of the storage, and cost of the installation were determined, and experiments were performed following the design of experiments strategy. The statistical analysis showed that the effects with significant influence in the solidification process are the thickness of the encapsulation, the inlet temperature of the air, the air flow, and the interaction thickness×temperature. For the melting process the same holds, but the inlet air temperature had a higher influence than the thickness of the encapsulation. With the empirical model developed in this work, a real free-cooling system was designed and economically evaluated.

324 citations