Application studies of biosorption for monazite processing industry effluents
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the results of a scale-up study conducted with an established biosorbent, Ganoderma lucidum, for uptake of rare earth elements.
Abstract: While studies on the potential of many biosorbents for heavy metal uptake have been reported, the results on scale-up are relatively scanty. Even in those papers where there is a report of reactor performance, more emphasis is given to the metal uptake part and the critical issue of headloss development in columns is not touched upon. This paper presents the results of a scale-up study conducted with an established biosorbent. Ganoderma lucidum, for uptake of rare earth elements. The uptake as well as the reactor characteristics are discussed.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a cost-effective new alternative for the decontamination of metal-containing effluents by using metal biosorption of non-living biomass.
Abstract: The biosorption of heavy metals by certain types of non-living biomass is a highly cost-effective new alternative for the decontamination of metal-containing effluents. Our understanding of the mechanisms of metal biosorption now allows the process to be scaled up and used in field applications, with packed-bed sorption columns being perhaps the most efficient for this purpose. Regenerating the biosorbents increases the process economy by allowing their reuse in multiple sorption cycles. The process results in metal-free effluents and small volumes of solutions containing concentrated metals, which can be easily recovered.
1,000 citations
Cites methods from "Application studies of biosorption ..."
...Analysis of a biosorption column performance has been attempted by means of the conventional Bohart-Adams sorption model (Jansson-Charrier et al., 1996; Muraleedharan et al., 1994; Volesky and Prasetyo, 1994)....
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TL;DR: A deeper understanding of adsorption behavior of Pb(II) from aqueous systems onto activated carbon and treated activated carbon has been attempted via static and column mode studies under various conditions and the Bohart-Adams model has provided an objective framework to the subjective interpretation of the adsorbent system.
Abstract: In the present study, a deeper understanding of adsorption behavior of Pb(II) from aqueous systems onto activated carbon and treated activated carbon has been attempted via static and column mode studies under various conditions. It probes mainly two adsorbents that is, activated carbon (AC) and modified activated carbon (AC-S). Characterization of both the adsorbents was one of the key focal areas of the present study. This has shown a clear change or demarcation in the various physical and chemical properties of the modified adsorbent from its precursor activated carbon. Both the adsorbents are subjected to static mode adsorption studies and then after a comparison based on isotherm analysis; more efficient adsorbent is screened for column mode adsorption studies. The lead removal increased for sample of treated carbon. The extent of Pb(II) removal was found to be higher in the treated activated carbon. The aim of carrying out the continuous-flow studies was to assess the effect of various process variables, viz., of bed height, hydraulic loading rate and initial feed concentration on breakthrough time and adsorption capacity. This has helped in ascertaining the practical applicability of the adsorbent. Breakthrough curves were plotted for the adsorption of lead on the adsorbent using continuous-flow column operation by varying different operating parameters like hydraulic loading rate (3.0-10.5 m3/(hm2)), bed height (0.3-0.5 m) and feed concentrations (2.0-6.0 mg/l). At the end, an attempt has also been made to model the data generated from column studies using the empirical relationship based on Bohart-Adams model. This model has provided an objective framework to the subjective interpretation of the adsorption system and the model constant obtained here can be used to achieve the ultimate objective of our study that is, up scaling and designing of adsorption process at the pilot plant scale level. AC-S column regeneration using 0.5 and 1.0M concentration of HNO3 has been investigated. It has shown a regeneration efficiency of 52.0% with 0.5 M HNO3.
709 citations
TL;DR: The ability of white-rot fungi to adsorb and accumulate metals together with the excellent mechanical properties of fungal mycelial pellets provide an opportunity for application of funGal mycelia in selective sorption of individual heavy metal ions from polluted water.
Abstract: White-rot fungi require trace amounts of essential heavy metals such as Cd, Mn or Zn for their growth, but these metals are toxic when present in excess. Toxic heavy metals can inhibit the growth, cause morphological and physiological changes and affect the reproduction of Basidiomycetes. Fungal species and strains differ in their sensitivity towards metals and in the protection mechanisms involved. The toxicity of some heavy metals such as Hg, Cu or Ni has been used for the development of antifungal wood preservatives. Extracellular ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymes are regulated by heavy metals on the level of transcription as well as during their action. During the degradation of lignocellulose and xenobiotics by white-rot fungi or isolated enzymes from these fungi heavy metals interfere with both the activity of extracellular enzymes involved in the process and fungal colonization. The ability of white-rot fungi to adsorb and accumulate metals together with the excellent mechanical properties of fungal mycelial pellets provide an opportunity for application of fungal mycelia in selective sorption of individual heavy metal ions from polluted water.
630 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the possibilities to recover rare earths from industrial waste streams, which contain only low concentrations of rare-earth elements, but are available in very large volumes and could provide significant amounts of rare Earths.
Abstract: The supply risk for some critical rare-earth elements (REEs), which are instrumental in many cleantech applications, has sparked the development of innovative recycling schemes for End-of-Life fluorescent lamps, permanent magnets and nickel metal hydride batteries. These waste fractions represent relatively small volumes, albeit with relatively high rare-earth contents. Rare earths are also present in lower concentrations in a multitude of industrial process residues, such as phosphogypsum, bauxite residue (red mud), mine tailings, metallurgical slags, coal ash, incinerator ash and waste water streams. This review discusses the possibilities to recover rare earths from these “secondary resources”, which have in common that they contain only low concentrations of rare-earth elements, but are available in very large volumes and could provide significant amounts of rare earths. The success rate is set to increase if the rare-earth recovery from these industrial waste streams is part of a comprehensive, zero-waste, “product-centric” valorisation scheme, in which applications are found for the residual fractions that are obtained after removal of not only the rare earths but also other valuable (base) metals.
442 citations
Cites background from "Application studies of biosorption ..."
...The fungus Ganoderma lucidum has been tested for the uptake of rare earths and thorium from waste water from the processing of monazite (Muraleedharan et al., 1994)....
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TL;DR: A conceptual framework and possible mitigation measures to minimize health risks are highlighted and future research is needed to better understand sources, environmental behaviour, ecotoxicology, and human epidemiology.
Abstract: Recent studies show that high-technology rare earth elements (REEs) of anthropogenic origin occur in the environment including in aquatic systems, suggesting REEs are contaminants of emerging concern. However, compared to organic contaminants, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews on the anthropogenic sources, environmental behaviour, and public and ecological health risks of REEs. The current review aims to: (1) identify anthropogenic sources, transfer mechanisms, and environmental behaviour of REEs; (2) highlight the human and ecological health risks of REEs and propose mitigation measures; and (3) identify knowledge gaps and future research directions. Out of the 17 REEs, La, Gd, Ce and Eu are the most studied. The main sources of anthropogenic REE include; medical facilities, petroleum refining, mining and technology industries, fertilizers, livestock feeds, and electronic wastes and recycling plants. REEs are mobilized and transported in the environment by hydrological and wind-driven processes. Ecotoxicological effects include reduced plant growth, function and nutritional quality, genotoxicity and neurotoxicity in animals, trophic bioaccumulation, chronic and acute toxicities in soil organisms. Human exposure to REEs occurs via ingestion of contaminated water and food, inhalation, and direct intake during medical administration. REEs have been detected in human hair, nails, and biofluids. In humans, REEs cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and severe damage to nephrological systems associated with Gd-based contrast agents, dysfunctional neurological disorder, fibrotic tissue injury, oxidative stress, pneumoconiosis, cytotoxicity, anti-testicular effects, and male sterility. Barring REEs in medical devices, epidemiological evidence directly linking REEs in the environment to human health conditions remains weak. To minimize health risks, a conceptual framework and possible mitigation measures are highlighted. Future research is needed to better understand sources, environmental behaviour, ecotoxicology, and human epidemiology. Moreover, research on REEs in developing regions, including Africa, is needed given prevailing conditions predisposing humans to health risks (e.g., untreated drinking water).
363 citations
References
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Book•
01 Aug 1981
TL;DR: Process chemistry for water and wastewater treatment as mentioned in this paper, Process Chemistry for Water and Wastewater treatment, Process chemistry for wastewater treatment, and process chemistry for drinking water treatment, کتابخانه دانشگاه علوم پزδکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی
Abstract: Process chemistry for water and wastewater treatment , Process chemistry for water and wastewater treatment , کتابخانه دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی کرمان
589 citations
"Application studies of biosorption ..." refers methods in this paper
...One of the most widely used modes is the beddepth service time (BDST) formulation (Benefield et al., 1982), which is a simplified form of the Bohart-Adams model based on surface reaction theory....
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TL;DR: Inactivated, non-living microbial biomass can serve as a basis for development of potent biosorbent materials for concentration and recovery of strategic or valuable heavy metals, nuclear fuel or radioactive elements as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Inactivated, non-living microbial biomass can serve as a basis for development of potent biosorbent materials for concentration and recovery of strategic or valuable heavy metals, nuclear fuel or radioactive elements. New biosorbents can be regenerated for multiple reuse. They can be highly selective, efficient and cheap, competing with commercial ion exchange resins and activated carbons in a process arrangement almost identical to that used for these conventional materials. Biosorbents have a potential application in both environmental control and metal recovery operations.
245 citations
"Application studies of biosorption ..." refers background in this paper
...Many biosorbents which gave excellent uptake potential in batch reactors were not amenable to fixed-bed operation and had to be immobilized, or complicated reactor configurations like pulse-bed reactors had to be employed (Volesky, 1987)....
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TL;DR: A method is described for the spectrophotometric determination of microgram amounts of zirconium, uranium(VI), thorium and rare earths with Arsenazo III after systematic separation by extraction.
Abstract: A method is described for the spectrophotometric determination of microgram amounts of zirconium, uranium(VI), thorium and rare earths with Arsenazo III after systematic separation by extraction. First zirconium is extracted into a xylene solution of thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) from about 4M hydrochloric acid. Uranium(VI) is then extracted into a xylene solution of tri-n-octy lamine from about 4M hydrochloric acid. Thorium is next extracted into TTA solution at pH about 1.5, and finally rare earths are extracted into TTA solution at pH about 4.7. Each metal is back-extracted from the organic phase before determination.
85 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide as mentioned in this paper is a field guide that tells when, where, and how to find delicious edible mushrooms and to avoid poisonous ones, and it is illustrated in beautiful color, adding visual enjoyment to the textual materials.
Abstract: "The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide" is the guide that tells when, where, and how to find delicious edible mushrooms and how to avoid poisonous ones. Beginners as well as experts will be able to identify mushrooms in a matter of minutes. All of the mushrooms included are illustrated in beautiful color, adding visual enjoyment to the textual materials. The descriptions are tinged with wit and wisdom, making the use of this guide an enjoyable and rewarding experience.This edition of "The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide "should be useful throughout the United States and Canada, but users should remember that each region has certain species peculiar to it, and it is impossible to include all of them here. The coverage is best for the Northeast, Great Lakes region, Rocky Mountains, and the Pacific Northwest. It includes most of the truly fine edible wild mushrooms, whether they are common or rare. It also includes the most dangerous ones in order that collectors may recognize them for what they are."Whether you are picking mushrooms to eat, or simply want to identify the many strange and beautiful mushrooms you find on walks through the woods, this field guide is highly recommended."-- American Horticulturalist"This is the mushroom forager's Bible. Don't go into the wilderness without it."--Creative Living." . . should be on the bookshelf of all serious amateurs, and the professionals will also find it helpful."--MycologiaThe late Alexander H. Smith was Professor Emeritus of Botany, University of Michigan. Nancy Smith Weber is Associate Professor of Forest Science, Oregon State University.
80 citations
01 Jan 1963
23 citations
"Application studies of biosorption ..." refers background in this paper
...Fungal fruiting bodies (mushrooms) for biosorption Wood-rotting fungi grow prolifically in humid, temperate climates, and the maximum growth of fruiting bodies has been reported to be during the post-monsoon period (Smith, 1963)....
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