Applications of microwave energy in organic chemistry. a review
01 Dec 1991-Organic Preparations and Procedures International (Taylor & Francis Group)-Vol. 23, Iss: 6, pp 683-711
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of applications of microwave energy in ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, focusing on the application of MICROWAVE ENERGY in organic preparation and procedures.
About: This article is published in Organic Preparations and Procedures International.The article was published on 1991-12-01. It has received 380 citations till now.
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TL;DR: This Review highlights recent applications of controlled microwave heating in modern organic synthesis, and discusses some of the underlying phenomena and issues involved.
Abstract: Although fire is now rarely used in synthetic chemistry, it was not until Robert Bunsen invented the burner in 1855 that the energy from this heat source could be applied to a reaction vessel in a focused manner. The Bunsen burner was later superseded by the isomantle, oil bath, or hot plate as a source for applying heat to a chemical reaction. In the past few years, heating and driving chemical reactions by microwave energy has been an increasingly popular theme in the scientific community. This nonclassical heating technique is slowly moving from a laboratory curiosity to an established technique that is heavily used in both academia and industry. The efficiency of "microwave flash heating" in dramatically reducing reaction times (from days and hours to minutes and seconds) is just one of the many advantages. This Review highlights recent applications of controlled microwave heating in modern organic synthesis, and discusses some of the underlying phenomena and issues involved.
3,044 citations
1,321 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of microwave assisted synthesis and separation protocols and discuss parallel reactions and scale-up of microwave-assisted synthesized reactions and separations, which are illustrated through experiments.
784 citations
TL;DR: Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is a polymer capable of complexing and stabilizing Ag and Au nanoparticles formed through the reduction of Ag+ or AuCl4- ions with N,N-dimethylformamide.
Abstract: Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) is a polymer capable of complexing and stabilizing Ag and Au nanoparticles formed through the reduction of Ag+ or AuCl4- ions with N,N-dimethylformamide. The reduction can be efficiently performed both at reflux and under microwave irradiation, but each of these methods leads to different nanoparticle morphology and colloid stability. The use of microwave irradiation provides an extra degree of control of the reduction process. The use of PVP with different polymer chain lengths leads to particles with similar sizes though with a different degree of stability. The colloids are also stable in ethanol for months, but only marginally stable in water.
518 citations
TL;DR: The purpose of this critical review is to highlight the advances in this general area by presenting such newer applications in organic synthesis by presenting microwave, ultrasound, sunlight, mechanochemical mixing and other alternative means of activation.
Abstract: Microwave, ultrasound, sunlight and mechanochemical mixing can be used to augment conventional laboratory techniques. By applying these alternative means of activation, a number of chemical transformations have been achieved thereby improving many existing protocols with superior results when compared to reactions performed under traditional conditions. The purpose of this critical review is to highlight the advances in this general area by presenting such newer applications in organic synthesis (175 references).
434 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, four different types of organic reactions have been studied and seven different organic compounds have been prepared, under pressure in a microwave oven, and considerable rate increases have been observed.
1,509 citations
TL;DR: In this article, commercial microwave ovens have been safely used to dramatically reduce the reaction times (at comparable yield) of Diels-Alder, Claisen, and ene reactions.
1,028 citations
TL;DR: Standard methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 13th ed.
Abstract: (1) \"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater\", 13th ed., American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, 1971, p 339. (2) \"Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes\", U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1974, p 157. (3) L. K . Wang, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 67 (1). 19-21 (1975). (4) L. K . Wang, W. W. Shuster. and P. J. Panzardi, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 67 (4), 182-184 (1975). (5) A. S. Weatherburn, J. Am. OilChem. Soc., 28, 233-235 (1950). (6) G. R . Edwards and M. E. Ginn. Sewage Ind. Wastes, 26, 945-953
315 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that organic compounds can be synthesized up to 1240 times faster in sealed Teflon vessels in a microwave oven than by conventional (reflux) techniques.
Abstract: This work demonstrates that organic compounds can be synthesized up to 1240 times faster in sealed Teflon vessels in a microwave oven than by conventional (reflux) techniques. It is shown that all ...
277 citations
277 citations