Applications of photoacoustic sensing techniques
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...Photoacoustic technique Photoacoustic spectroscopy is a widespread and practical tool for trace detection and characterization of all phases of matter [284,294], but especially useful, practical, and robust for quantifying light absorption by gases and aerosols [53,295,296] as demonstrated by the balloon borne detection of trace gases in the stratosphere [297], by sensitive respiration measurements of trace gases by tomatoes and cockroaches [298], and by aircraft borne measurements of aerosol light absorption [58]....
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...For the photoacoustic technique, the optical power is modulated at an acoustic frequency and the transfer of heat, modulated at the same frequency, to the surrounding air generates a sound wave at that frequency that is detected with a microphone [284]....
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