Applying Fitts’ Law to Gesture Based Computer Interactions☆
TL;DR: Results showed that the mean movement time was highly correlated with the target's index of difficulty for all devices, providing evidence that Fitts’ law can be extended and applied to gesture-based devices.
About: This article is published in Procedia Manufacturing.The article was published on 2015-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 27 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Fitts's law & Input device.
Citations
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TL;DR: The purpose of this paper is to survey the state-of-the-art Human-Computer Interaction techniques with a focus on the special field of three-dimensional interaction, including an overview of currently available interaction devices, their applications of usage and underlying methods for gesture design and recognition.
Abstract: Modern hardware and software development has led to an evolution of user interfaces from command-line to natural user interfaces for virtual immersive environments. Gestures imitating real-world interaction tasks increasingly replace classical two-dimensional interfaces based on Windows/Icons/Menus/Pointers (WIMP) or touch metaphors. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to survey the state-of-the-art Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) techniques with a focus on the special field of three-dimensional interaction. This includes an overview of currently available interaction devices, their applications of usage and underlying methods for gesture design and recognition. Focus is on interfaces based on the Leap Motion Controller (LMC) and corresponding methods of gesture design and recognition. Further, a review of evaluation methods for the proposed natural user interfaces is given.
104 citations
TL;DR: This work suggests that the dominant hand controls manipulation and deformation of objects while the non-dominant hand controls grasping, releasing and precision of interaction, and describes a generic set of reliable and precise interaction gestures for various manipulation andDeformation tasks.
16 citations
08 May 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate and analyze the most prominent extensions of Fitts' law and compare their characteristics pinpointing to potentially important aspects for deriving a higher-dimensional performance model.
Abstract: With the rapid growth in virtual reality technologies, object interaction is becoming increasingly more immersive, elucidating human perception and leading to promising directions towards evaluating human performance under different settings. This spike in technological growth exponentially increased the need for a human performance metric in 3D space. Fitts’ law is perhaps the most widely used human prediction model in HCI history attempting to capture human movement in lower dimensions. Despite the collective effort towards deriving an advanced extension of a 3D human performance model based on Fitts’ law, a standardized metric is still missing. Moreover, most of the extensions to date assume or limit their findings to certain settings, effectively disregarding important variables that are fundamental to 3D object interaction. In this review, we investigate and analyze the most prominent extensions of Fitts’ law and compare their characteristics pinpointing to potentially important aspects for deriving a higher-dimensional performance model. Lastly, we mention the complexities, frontiers as well as potential challenges that may lay ahead.
14 citations
27 Apr 2022
TL;DR: A network modulation technique is introduced that can obtain a generalized policy that immediately adapts to the given model parameters and succeeds in inferring the user’s cognitive parameters and intrinsic reward settings with less than 1/1000 computational power to those of existing methods.
Abstract: The simulation of user behavior with deep reinforcement learning agents has shown some recent success. However, the inverse problem, that is, inferring the free parameters of the simulator from observed user behaviors, remains challenging to solve. This is because the optimization of the new action policy of the simulated agent, which is required whenever the model parameters change, is computationally impractical. In this study, we introduce a network modulation technique that can obtain a generalized policy that immediately adapts to the given model parameters. Further, we demonstrate that the proposed technique improves the efficiency of user simulator-based inference by eliminating the need to obtain an action policy for novel model parameters. We validated our approach using the latest user simulator for point-and-click behavior. Consequently, we succeeded in inferring the user’s cognitive parameters and intrinsic reward settings with less than 1/1000 computational power to those of existing methods.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate and analyze the most prominent extensions of Fitts' law and compare their characteristics pinpointing to potentially important aspects for deriving a higher-dimensional performance model.
Abstract: With the rapid growth in virtual reality technologies, object interaction is becoming increasingly more immersive, elucidating human perception and leading to promising directions towards evaluating human performance under different settings. This spike in technological growth exponentially increased the need for a human performance metric in 3D space. Fitts' law is perhaps the most widely used human prediction model in HCI history attempting to capture human movement in lower dimensions. Despite the collective effort towards deriving an advanced extension of a 3D human performance model based on Fitts' law, a standardized metric is still missing. Moreover, most of the extensions to date assume or limit their findings to certain settings, effectively disregarding important variables that are fundamental to 3D object interaction. In this review, we investigate and analyze the most prominent extensions of Fitts' law and compare their characteristics pinpointing to potentially important aspects for deriving a higher-dimensional performance model. Lastly, we mention the complexities, frontiers as well as potential challenges that may lay ahead.
11 citations
References
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TL;DR: The motor system in the present case is defined as including the visual and proprioceptive feedback loops that permit S to monitor his own activity, and the information capacity of the motor system is specified by its ability to produce consistently one class of movement from among several alternative movement classes.
Abstract: Information theory has recently been employed to specify more precisely than has hitherto been possible man's capacity in certain sensory, perceptual, and perceptual-motor functions (5, 10, 13, 15, 17, 18). The experiments reported in the present paper extend the theory to the human motor system. The applicability of only the basic concepts, amount of information, noise, channel capacity, and rate of information transmission, will be examined at this time. General familiarity with these concepts as formulated by recent writers (4, 11,20, 22) is assumed. Strictly speaking, we cannot study man's motor system at the behavioral level in isolation from its associated sensory mechanisms. We can only analyze the behavior of the entire receptor-neural-effector system. However, by asking 51 to make rapid and uniform responses that have been highly overlearned, and by holding all relevant stimulus conditions constant with the exception of those resulting from 5"s own movements, we can create an experimental situation in which it is reasonable to assume that performance is limited primarily by the capacity of the motor system. The motor system in the present case is defined as including the visual and proprioceptive feedback loops that permit S to monitor his own activity. The information capacity of the motor system is specified by its ability to produce consistently one class of movement from among several alternative movement classes. The greater the number of alternative classes, the greater is the information capacity of a particular type of response. Since measurable aspects of motor responses, such as their force, direction, and amplitude, are continuous variables, their information capacity is limited only by the amount of statistical variability, or noise, that is characteristic of repeated efforts to produce the same response. The information capacity of the motor Editor's Note. This article is a reprint of an original work published in 1954 in the Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47, 381391.
7,599 citations
"Applying Fitts’ Law to Gesture Base..." refers background in this paper
...Specifically, ISO standard 9241-411 [2] establishes a means for highlighting how to evaluate task precision with various input modalities using components of the target acquisition task and measures of index of difficulty, throughput, and predicted movement time established by Paul Fitts....
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...Today, engineers and designers of input modalities typically refer to ISO standards as the means for determining “good usability” [2]....
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01 Dec 2004-International Journal of Human-computer Studies \/ International Journal of Man-machine Studies
TL;DR: This paper makes seven recommendations to HCI researchers wishing to construct Fitts' law models for either movement time prediction, or for the comparison of conditions in an experiment that support the methods described in the recent ISO 9241-9 standard on the evaluation of pointing devices.
Abstract: This paper makes seven recommendations to HCI researchers wishing to construct Fitts' law models for either movement time prediction, or for the comparison of conditions in an experiment. These seven recommendations support (and in some cases supplement) the methods described in the recent ISO 9241-9 standard on the evaluation of pointing devices. In addition to improving the robustness of Fitts' law models, these recommendations (if widely employed) will improve the comparability and consistency of forthcoming publications. Arguments to support these recommendations are presented, as are concise reviews of 24 published Fitts' law models of the mouse, and 9 studies that used the new ISO standard.
893 citations
"Applying Fitts’ Law to Gesture Base..." refers background in this paper
...[4] Targets can be circular or rectangular; however, circular targets allow for a consistent width regardless of direction of approach to target [5]....
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TL;DR: Body posture and finger pointing are a natural modality for human-machine interaction, but first the system must know what it's seeing.
Abstract: Body posture and finger pointing are a natural modality for human-machine interaction, but first the system must know what it's seeing.
641 citations
"Applying Fitts’ Law to Gesture Base..." refers background in this paper
...[4] Targets can be circular or rectangular; however, circular targets allow for a consistent width regardless of direction of approach to target [5]....
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TL;DR: Examination of motion trajectories qualitatively supported a descriptive model whereby a visually mediated discrete-correction control process is used, as proposed by Crossman and Goodeve and Keele (1968), but evidence of severe nonlinearities in the measured human movement responses did not support the use of linear control models.
Abstract: The relationship between Fitts' Index of Difficulty (ID = log2 2A/W) and movement time was investigated for finger, wrist, and whole arm motions over a wide range of movement distances (0.25 to 30.5 cm). Results supported Fitts' original speculation that various limb segments may show different maximum information processing rates. Short-distance finger and wrist motions showed much higher rates (38 and 23 bits/sec, respectively) than longer-distance arm motions (10 bits/sec). Examination of motion trajectories qualitatively supported a descriptive model whereby a visually mediated discrete-correction control process is used, as proposed by Crossman and Goodeve (Note 1) and Keele (1968). However, evidence of severe nonlinearities in the measured human movement responses did not support the use of linear control models in explaining the empirical validity of Fitts' law in predicting human motor performance.
395 citations
"Applying Fitts’ Law to Gesture Base..." refers background or methods or result in this paper
...[6] tested Fitts’ law using various limbs....
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...’s [6] experiment used a reciprocal tapping task and their participants were instructed to tap as quickly as possible with little concern for accuracy....
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...’s [6] findings that throughput was worse for larger limb movements....
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...’s [6] results that throughput became worse as the amplitude of limb movements increased, our results find a slightly but significantly larger throughput (2....
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TL;DR: An attempt was made to extend Fitt's' law to a three-dimensional movement (pointing) task to enhance its predictive performance in this domain and the extended model was shown to better fit the data than the conventional Fitts' model.
178 citations
"Applying Fitts’ Law to Gesture Base..." refers background or methods in this paper
...This experiment followed the ISO 9241-411 [3] standard and assessed participants’ performance with different devices using the behavioral measures such as movement times, throughputs, error rates, etc....
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...In this paper, the ISO 9241-411 [3] standard was applied using a pointing task to evaluate and compare five interaction devices, including three gesture-based interfaces....
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...It states that the time required to move from one target area to a second target area is a function of the size of the target and the distance to the target [3]....
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