Appropriate boundary conditions for computational wind engineering models using the k-ϵ turbulence model

doi:10.1016/0167-6105(93)90124-7

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Appropriate boundary conditions for computational wind engineering models using the k-ϵ turbulence model

Journal Article•DOI•

Appropriate boundary conditions for computational wind engineering models using the k-ϵ turbulence model

Peter Richards¹, R.P. Hoxey•Institutions (1)

University of Auckland¹

01 Aug 1993-Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics (Elsevier)-pp 145-153

TL;DR: In this paper, velocity and turbulence profiles associated with the k-ϵ turbulence model are proposed which produce homogeneous conditions, and the cospectrum for the Reynolds stress exhibits a characteristics frequency n o ≈ u ∗ / z which is consistent with the suggested profile equations.

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About: This article is published in Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics.The article was published on 1993-08-01. It has received 1044 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: K-omega turbulence model & K-epsilon turbulence model.

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Journal Article•DOI•

AIJ guidelines for practical applications of CFD to pedestrian wind environment around buildings

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Yoshihide Tominaga¹, Akashi Mochida², Ryuichiro Yoshie³, Hiroto Kataoka⁴, Tsuyoshi Nozu⁵, Masaru Yoshikawa⁶, Taichi Shirasawa³ - Show less +3 more•Institutions (6)

Niigata Institute of Technology¹, Tohoku University², Tokyo Polytechnic University³, Obayashi Corporation⁴, Shimizu Corporation⁵, Taisei Corporation⁶

01 Oct 2008-Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present guidelines for using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques for predicting pedestrian wind environment around buildings in the design stage, based on cross-comparison between CFD predictions, wind tunnel test results and field measurements.

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1,619 citations

Cites methods from "Appropriate boundary conditions for..."

...For the inflow boundary conditions, COST recommends the formulas suggested by Richards and Hoxey (1993), in which the vertical profiles for U(z), k(i) and e(z) in the atmospheric boundary layer by assuming a constant shear stress with height are as follows:...
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...For the inflow boundary conditions, COST recommends the formulas suggested by Richards and Hoxey (1993), in which the vertical profiles for U(z), k(i) and e(z) in the atmospheric boundary layer by assuming a constant shear stress with height are as follows: UðzÞ ¼ U ABL k ln zþ z0 z (10) kðzÞ ¼ U…...
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Journal Article•DOI•

CFD simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer: wall function problems

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Bert Blocken¹, Ted Stathopoulos², Jan Carmeliet¹, Jan Carmeliet³•Institutions (3)

Eindhoven University of Technology¹, Concordia University Wisconsin², Katholieke Universiteit Leuven³

01 Jan 2007-Atmospheric Environment

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the simulation of a neutrally stratified, fully developed, horizontally homogeneous ABL over uniformly rough, flat terrain and discuss the problem and its negative consequences.

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1,165 citations

Cites background or methods from "Appropriate boundary conditions for..."

...For the standard k-ε turbulence model, an appropriate set of inlet profiles and y0-type wall functions was provided by Richards and Hoxey (1993)....
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...…roughness (roughness of the bottom of the computational domain) into the simulation to prevent streamwise gradients in the flow in the upstream and downstream part of the domain, i.e. outside the main disturbance of the flow field by the explicitly modelled obstacles (Richards and Hoxey, 1993)....
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...As also indicated by Richards and Hoxey (1993), specific attention is needed for the boundary condition at the top of the domain....
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...…domain is often significantly lower than the ABL height, these profiles are generally simplified by assuming a constant shear stress with height (Richards and Hoxey, 1993): + = 0 0 * y yy ln κ u U(y) ABL (1) µ 2* C u k(y) ABL= (2) )y(yκ u ε(y) 0 3* ABL + = (3) where y is the height…...
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...This set of requirements has been distilled from various sources including CFD literature and CFD software manuals (Richards and Hoxey, 1993; Franke et al., 2004; Fluent Inc., 2005; Ansys Ltd., 2005): (1) A sufficiently high mesh resolution in the vertical direction close to the bottom of the…...
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Journal Article•DOI•

Computational Fluid Dynamics for urban physics: Importance, scales, possibilities, limitations and ten tips and tricks towards accurate and reliable simulations

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Bje Bert Blocken¹, Bje Bert Blocken²•Institutions (2)

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven¹, Eindhoven University of Technology²

01 Sep 2015-Building and Environment

TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of urban physics related to the grand societal challenges is described, after which the spatial and temporal scales in urban physics and the associated model categories are outlined.

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627 citations

Cites background or methods from "Appropriate boundary conditions for..."

...When using specific values for the turbulence model constants (see [210]), these expressions are an analytical solution to the RANS equations and the two equations of the standard k-ε model....
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...The most often used profiles for RANS CFD simulations in urban physics and wind engineering are those presented by Richards and Hoxey in their pioneering 1993 paper on “Appropriate boundary conditions for computational wind engineering models using the k-ε turbulence model” [210]:...
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...Accurate simulation of ABL flow in the computational domain is imperative for accurate and reliable simulation of the related urban physics processes [210-218]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

50 years of Computational Wind Engineering: Past, present and future

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Bert Blocken¹, Bert Blocken²•Institutions (2)

Eindhoven University of Technology¹, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven²

01 Jun 2014-Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a perspective on the past, present and future of Computational Wind Engineering (CWE) and provide a more detailed view on CFD simulation of pedestrian-level wind conditions around buildings.

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570 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

CFD simulation of cross-ventilation for a generic isolated building : impact of computational parameters

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R Rubina Ramponi¹, R Rubina Ramponi², Bje Bert Blocken¹•Institutions (2)

Eindhoven University of Technology¹, Polytechnic University of Milan²

01 Jul 2012-Building and Environment

TL;DR: In this paper, a series of coupled 3D steady RANS simulations for a generic isolated building are validated based on detailed wind tunnel experiments with Particle Image Velocimetry, and the impact of a wide range of computational parameters is investigated, including the size of the computational domain, the resolution of computational grid, the inlet turbulent kinetic energy profile of the atmospheric boundary layer, the turbulence model, the order of the discretization schemes and the iterative convergence criteria.

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455 citations

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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

The numerical computation of turbulent flows

[...]

Brian Launder¹, D. B. Spalding¹•Institutions (1)

Imperial College London¹

01 Sep 1990-Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the applicability and applicability of numerical predictions of turbulent flow, and advocate that computational economy, range of applicability, and physical realism are best served by turbulence models in which the magnitudes of two turbulence quantities, the turbulence kinetic energy k and its dissipation rate ϵ, are calculated from transport equations solved simultaneously with those governing the mean flow behaviour.

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11,866 citations

Characteristics of turbulence in a boundary layer with zero pressure gradient

[...]

P S Klebanoff¹•Institutions (1)

National Institute of Standards and Technology¹

01 Jan 1955

TL;DR: In this article, the results of an experimental investigation of a turbulent boundary layer with zero pressure gradient are presented and the importance of the region near the wall and the inadequacy of the concept of local isotropy are demonstrated.

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Abstract: The results of an experimental investigation of a turbulent boundary layer with zero pressure gradient are presented. Measurements with the hot-wire anemometer were made of turbulent energy and turbulent shear stress, probability density and flattening factor of u-fluctuation (fluctuation in x-direction), spectra of turbulent energy and shear stress, and turbulent dissipation. The importance of the region near the wall and the inadequacy of the concept of local isotropy are demonstrated. Attention is given to the energy balance and the intermittent character of the outer region of the boundary layer. Also several interesting features of the spectral distribution of the turbulent motions are discussed.

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1,122 citations

Neutrally stratified boundary-layer flow over roughness changes and topography

[...]

A. C. M. Beljaars, John L. Walmsley, Peter A. Taylor

01 Jan 1987

TL;DR: In this paper, a linear model for neutral surface-layer flow over complex terrain is presented, which makes it possible to make high-resolution computations for an arbitrary distribution of surface roughness and topography.

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Abstract: A linear model for neutral surface-layer flow over complex terrain is presented. The spectral approach in the two horizontal coordinates and the finite-difference method in the vertical combines the simplicity and computational efficiency of linear methods with flexibility for closure schemes of finite- difference methods. This model makes it possible to make high-resolution computations for an arbitrary distribution of surface roughness and topography. Mixing-length closure as well as E - E closure are applied to two-dimensional flow above sinusoidal variations in surface roughness, the step-in-roughness problem, and to two-dimensional flow over simple sinusoidal topography. The main difference between the two closure schemes is found in the shear-stress results. E - E has a more realistic description of the memory effects in length and velocity scales when the surface conditions change. Comparison between three- dimensional model calculations and field data from Askervein hill shows that in the outer layer, the advection effects in the shear stress itself are also important. In this layer, an extra equation for the shear stress is needed.

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164 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

A mixed spectral finite-difference model for neutrally stratified boundary-layer flow over roughness changes and topography

[...]

A. C. M. Beljaars¹, John L. Walmsley, Peter A. Taylor•Institutions (1)

Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute¹

01 Feb 1987-Boundary-Layer Meteorology

TL;DR: In this paper, a linear model for neutral surface-layer flow over complex terrain is presented, which combines the simplicity and computational efficiency of linear methods with flexibility for closure schemes of finite-difference methods.

...read moreread less

Abstract: A linear model for neutral surface-layer flow over complex terrain is presented. The spectral approach in the two horizontal coordinates and the finite-difference method in the vertical combines the simplicity and computational efficiency of linear methods with flexibility for closure schemes of finite-difference methods. This model makes it possible to make high-resolution computations for an arbitrary distribution of surface roughness and topography. Mixing-length closure as well as E − e closure are applied to two-dimensional flow above sinusoidal variations in surface roughness, the step-in-roughness problem, and to two-dimensional flow over simple sinusoidal topography. The main difference between the two closure schemes is found in the shear-stress results. E − e has a more realistic description of the memory effects in length and velocity scales when the surface conditions change. Comparison between three-dimensional model calculations and field data from Askervein hill shows that in the outer layer, the advection effects in the shear stress itself are also important. In this layer, an extra equation for the shear stress is needed.

...read moreread less

160 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Simulation of Effect of Wind Barriers on Airflow

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L. J. Hagen, E. L. Skidmore, P. L. Miller, J. E. Kipp

01 Jan 1981-Transactions of the ASABE

TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a quantitative, theoretical simulation of airflow normal to narrow wind barriers of various porosities and, when possible, verify the results using experimental data, using finite difference methods having a combination of upwind and central difference schemes.

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Abstract: LACK of a quantitative theory to explain airflow near wind barriers in the atmospheric boundary layer has hindered experimental programs in barrier research and made optimum barrier design for practical applications difficult. Our objectives were to develop a quantitative, theoretical simulation of airflow normal to narrow wind barriers of various porosities and, when possible, verify the results using experimental data. To simulate the airflow near wind barriers, we used five linked, partial differential equations. The differen-tial equations described the conservation of horizontal momentum, vertical momemtum, mass, turbulence energy, and dissipation rate of turbulence energy. Final-ly, we used an algebraic turbulence model to relate the turbulent viscosity to the turbulent energy and to the tur-bulent energy dissipation rate. We used finite difference methods having a combination of upwind and central difference schemes to solve the equations. As a barrier boundary condition, the porous wind barriers were treated as sources of horizontal velocity. The source strengths for 20-, 40-, and 60-percent-porous slat-fence barriers were determined by measuring the windspeed profiles at 0.5 to 1.0 barrier heights (H) leeward. For experimental verification of the simulation model, windspeed reduction was measured leeward of 20-, 40-, and 60-percent-porous barriers having a ratio of H to a roughness parameter (z0) of H/z0 = 75 and compared with the simulated results. Windspeed reduction data in the literature also were compared with simulated wind-speed reduction with H/z0 = 300. Finally, vertical pro-files of turbulence energy were measured near a 40-percent-porous wind barrier and compared with the simulated results. Treating porous barriers as a source of horizontal velocity appears to be a valid method to obtain useful simulation results because the leeward simulated and measured windspeed patterns generally agreed well. The windspeed profiles measured at 0.5 to 1.0 H leeward of porous barriers can be used as a measure of the source strength; however, it was necessary to average several profiles to obtain an adequate estimate of source strength.

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67 citations