Architectural and functional features of human triceps surae muscles during contraction
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Cites methods from "Architectural and functional featur..."
...Kawakami et al. (1998) used ultrasound to show that the medial gastrocnemius muscle can change its pennation angle from 22° to 67°, depending on joint angles and amount of muscle activation....
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References
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"Architectural and functional featur..." refers background in this paper
...This means that the number of sarcomeres in series is the largest for this muscle, which illustrates eminent velocity potential of LG, as suggested previously (11, 12, 32)....
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...Although it has been shown that there is marked uniformity in fiber length (4, 32) and fascicle length (4, 24) throughout a muscle, some studies have reported heterogeneity of fascicle angles (24) and even fascicle lengths (11, 21) along the length of the muscle....
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...The triceps surae muscles are the main synergists for plantar flexion (6, 18), but they have different architectural properties, such as muscle length, fascicle length, and pennation angles (3, 4, 32)....
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...Attempts have been made to determine the geometric arrangement of muscle fibers or fascicles (muscle architecture) in humans, and many attemtps have been based on measurements of cadaver specimens (3, 4, 11, 12, 29, 32)....
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...Furthermore, many of the previous reports have been based on cadaver specimens (3, 4, 11, 12, 29, 32), and little data are available on muscle architecture in living human muscles, especially during contraction....
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779 citations
"Architectural and functional featur..." refers background in this paper
...In the stance phase of walking (foot contact-push-off), the knee joint angle changes between 0 and 30°, and the ankle joint angle ranges between 15° dorsiflexion and 0° plantar flexion (33)....
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571 citations
"Architectural and functional featur..." refers background in this paper
...Previous studies have not found a clear relationship between muscle architecture and fiber composition (2, 21), but the variation in force-generating capabilities among limb muscles is influenced more by differences in their architecture than those in their fiber types (1, 2, 23)....
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544 citations
"Architectural and functional featur..." refers background in this paper
...Although it has been shown that there is marked uniformity in fiber length (4, 32) and fascicle length (4, 24) throughout a muscle, some studies have reported heterogeneity of fascicle angles (24) and even fascicle lengths (11, 21) along the length of the muscle....
[...]
...The triceps surae muscles are the main synergists for plantar flexion (6, 18), but they have different architectural properties, such as muscle length, fascicle length, and pennation angles (3, 4, 32)....
[...]
...Attempts have been made to determine the geometric arrangement of muscle fibers or fascicles (muscle architecture) in humans, and many attemtps have been based on measurements of cadaver specimens (3, 4, 11, 12, 29, 32)....
[...]
...In many cases, when investigators refer to muscle fiber length, they are actually referring to fascicle length (4, 11, 12, 24, 25, 29), although some muscle fibers have been shown to terminate midfascicularly (17, 31)....
[...]
...Furthermore, many of the previous reports have been based on cadaver specimens (3, 4, 11, 12, 29, 32), and little data are available on muscle architecture in living human muscles, especially during contraction....
[...]