Architectural implications of smart city business models: an evolutionary perspective
TL;DR: The architectural evolution required to ensure that the rollout and deployment of smart city technologies is smooth through acknowledging and integrating the strengths of both the system architectures proposed is discussed.
Abstract: Smart cities have rapidly become a hot topic within technology communities, and promise both improved delivery of services to end users and reduced environmental impact in an era of unprecedented urbanization. Both large hightech companies and grassroots citizen-led initiatives have begun exploring the potential of these technologies. Significant barriers remain to the successful rollout and deployment of business models outlined for smart city applications and services, however. Most of these barriers pertain to an ongoing battle between two main schools of thought for system architecture, ICT and telecommunications, proposed for data management and service creation. Both of these system architectures represent a certain type of value chain and the legacy perspective of the respective players that wish to enter the smart city arena. Smart cities services, however, utilize components of both the ICT industry and mobile telecommunications industries, and do not benefit from the current binary perspective of system architecture. The business models suggested for the development of smart cities require a longterm strategic view of system architecture evolution. This article discusses the architectural evolution required to ensure that the rollout and deployment of smart city technologies is smooth through acknowledging and integrating the strengths of both the system architectures proposed.
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TL;DR: This paper will present and discuss the technical solutions and best-practice guidelines adopted in the Padova Smart City project, a proof-of-concept deployment of an IoT island in the city of Padova, Italy, performed in collaboration with the city municipality.
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) shall be able to incorporate transparently and seamlessly a large number of different and heterogeneous end systems, while providing open access to selected subsets of data for the development of a plethora of digital services. Building a general architecture for the IoT is hence a very complex task, mainly because of the extremely large variety of devices, link layer technologies, and services that may be involved in such a system. In this paper, we focus specifically to an urban IoT system that, while still being quite a broad category, are characterized by their specific application domain. Urban IoTs, in fact, are designed to support the Smart City vision, which aims at exploiting the most advanced communication technologies to support added-value services for the administration of the city and for the citizens. This paper hence provides a comprehensive survey of the enabling technologies, protocols, and architecture for an urban IoT. Furthermore, the paper will present and discuss the technical solutions and best-practice guidelines adopted in the Padova Smart City project, a proof-of-concept deployment of an IoT island in the city of Padova, Italy, performed in collaboration with the city municipality.
4,335 citations
Cites background from "Architectural implications of smart..."
...Finally, concerning the financial dimension, a clear business model is still lacking, although some initiative to fill this gap has been recently undertaken [10]....
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...Another fundamental aspect is the necessity to make (part of) the data collected by the urban IoT easily accessible by authorities and citizens, to increase the responsiveness of authorities to city problems, and to promote the awareness and the participation of citizens in public matters [9]....
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TL;DR: The paper presents a brief overview of smart cities, followed by the features and characteristics, generic architecture, composition, and real-world implementations ofSmart cities, and some challenges and opportunities identified through extensive literature survey on smart cities.
925 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors perform an analysis of 10 representative international city cases that claim to be smart and depict a brief view of the future smart city. The analysis is based on a multi-method that combines literature evidence, official websites and reports, narrative city walks, and interviews with corresponding officials.
231 citations
TL;DR: This article proposes a procedure to make smart cities happen based on big data exploitation through the API stores concept and describes the available ICT technologies and exemplifies all findings by means of a sustainable smart city application.
Abstract: We have a clear idea today about the necessity and usefulness of making cities smarter, the potential market size, and trials and tests. However, it seems that business around Smart Cities is having difficulties taking off and is thus running short of projected potentials. This article looks into why this is the case and proposes a procedure to make smart cities happen based on big data exploitation through the API stores concept. To this end, we first review involved stakeholders and the ecosystem at large. We then propose a viable approach to scale business within that ecosystem. We also describe the available ICT technologies and finally exemplify all findings by means of a sustainable smart city application. Over the course of the article, we draw two major observations, which are seen to facilitate sustainable smart city development. First, independent smart city departments (or the equivalent) need to emerge, much like today's well accepted IT departments, which clearly decouple the political element of the improved city servicing from the underlying technologies. Second, a coherent three-phase smart city rollout is vital, where in phase 1 utility and revenues are generated; in phase 2 only-utility service is also supported; and in phase 3, in addition, a fun/leisure dimension is permitted.
216 citations
Cites background from "Architectural implications of smart..."
...Over the last couple of years, key industry and service sectors have been taking part in the industrialization of IT in the form of cloud computing and open service delivery platforms [7, 9, 10]....
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...This has triggered Cisco, IBM, Telefonica, and other global ICT players to launch their respective smart city platforms in order to integrate their own and third party services [7]....
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...Barriers to entry are not only economic or political [7]....
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01 Apr 2018
TL;DR: A review of existing published research on IoT-based applications in high-risk EHS industries with specific emphasis on healthcare industry, food supply chain, mining and energy industries, intelligent transportation, and building & infrastructure management for emergency response operations until 2016 is reviewed.
Abstract: The rise of ubiquitous systems is sustained by the development and progressive adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices and their enabling technologies. IoT has been shown to have significant potential in high-risk Environment, Health, and Safety (EHS) industries. In these industries, human lives are at stake and IoT-based applications are primed to offer safe, reliable, and efficient solutions due to their ability to operate at a fine granular level and provide rich low-level information. We review existing published research on IoT-based applications in high-risk EHS industries with specific emphasis on healthcare industry, food supply chain (FSC), mining and energy industries (oil & gas and nuclear), intelligent transportation (e.g., connected vehicles), and building & infrastructure management for emergency response operations until 2016. We also highlight IoT-related challenges and proposed solutions in high risk EHS industries. We then conclude by presenting research challenges and expected trends for IoT in these industries.
169 citations
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TL;DR: This paper found that roughly 60 percent of the employment growth effect of college graduates is due to enhanced productivity growth, the rest being caused by growth in the quality of life, which contrasts with the common argument that human capital generates employment growth in urban areas solely through changes in productivity.
Abstract: From 1940 to 1990, a 10 percent increase in a metropolitan area's concentration of college-educated residents was associated with a .8 percent increase in subsequent employment growth. Instrumental variables estimates support a causal relationship between college graduates and employment growth, but show no evidence of an effect of high school graduates. Using data on growth in wages, rents and house values, I calibrate a neoclassical city growth model and find that roughly 60 percent of the employment growth effect of college graduates is due to enhanced productivity growth, the rest being caused by growth in the quality of life. This finding contrasts with the common argument that human capital generates employment growth in urban areas solely through changes in productivity.
819 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that roughly 60% of the employment growth effect of college graduates is due to enhanced productivity growth, the rest being caused by growth in the quality of life, which contrasts with the common argument that human capital generates employment growth in urban areas solely through changes in productivity.
Abstract: From 1940 to 1990, a 10% increase in a metropolitan area's concentration of college-educated residents was associated with a 0.8% increase in subsequent employment growth. Instrumental variables esti- mates support a causal relationship between college graduates and em- ployment growth, but show no evidence of an effect of high school graduates. Using data on growth in wages, rents, and house values, I calibrate a neoclassical city growth model and find that roughly 60% of the employment growth effect of college graduates is due to enhanced productivity growth, the rest being caused by growth in the quality of life. This finding contrasts with the common argument that human capital generates employment growth in urban areas solely through changes in productivity.
759 citations
TL;DR: To an extent, there was a continued slower progression involving the use of ICT (information and communication technologies) in emergency service support, building on an earlier generation of operations research techniques for automating and streamlining police, ambulance, fire, waste disposal, etc.
Abstract: I first wrote about `smart cities' almost as soon as I began writing these editorials in the early 1980s. Back then, the PC (personal computer) or micro (microcomputer) was sweeping the world of computing and hard on its heels came the development of local area networks (LANs). In fact, LANs, as many other features of the PC, had been invented in the 1970s at Xerox Parc but it was not until the 1980s that they became ubiquitous and this heralded an age of wide area networks (WANs) that paralleled the Internet in general. What I remember most of those years were my visits to the Far Eastöin 1986 to Japan where I saw for the first time large-screen technologies in shopping centres and the implementation of fibre optic networks for wide-area Internet access, in the name of regenerating old industrial landscapes as they prepared for the postindustrial age (Batty, 1987). In the late 1980s, when I visited Singapore, the city-state advertised itself as the `Intelligent Island', and my visits to the National Computer Board mightily impressed me. I heard about how routine services could be delivered to the entire population through WANs (Batty, 1997), two or so years before the World Wide Web was invented. What then came to pass in the 1990s was the fact that services everywhere could be delivered in similar ways across the web. Singapore is still in the vanguard. In the 1980s the focus on instrumenting the city using network technologies was enshrined in the idea of the wired city. Dutton et al's (1987) edited book of the same name articulated this idea, but this was based on an earlier conception `The Wired Society', a term coined by Martin (1977) whose influence on IT and society still pervades the world through his philanthropy. The notion of wiring the city then was essentially one of providing networking for very diverse activities without any very specific uses in mind, although by the mid-1990s there was a sense in which routine services such as those provided by municipalitiesölibraries, welfare services and so onömight be delivered using WANs. To an extent, there was a continued slower progression involving the use of ICT (information and communication technologies) in emergency service support, building on an earlier generation of operations research techniques for automating and streamlining police, ambulance, fire, waste disposal, etc. Various related conceptions of the wired city were in vogue at that time, such as cybercities, information cities, intelligent cities, and virtual cities with the focus more on representing the city using various digital media from computer-aided design to virtual reality games and worlds. Many of these conceptions were based on visions of what wired cities might become rather than on the reality of what was actually possible then. It needed yet another ratchet up of the IT spiral to really propel our cities into a world where service delivery and related activities could effectively be delivered using deeply embedded seamless computing, and only then could our cities could become truly computable (Batty, 1997). What has changed these initial conceptions of the wired city is the development of ubiquitous devices of comparatively low cost that can be deployed to sense what is happening over very small time scalesöseconds and fasteröas well as over very fine levels of spatial resolution. Such devices that range from purpose-built sensors to individual hand-held devices that are as mobile as those using them provide massive capability to store and transmit data that pertains to movement and activity levels across space and time. Some of the most elaborate applications involve transport. Editorial Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 2012, volume 39, pages 191 ^ 193
222 citations
29 Nov 2010
TL;DR: Gossple as discussed by the authors is a gossip protocol for anonymous social acquaintances, which can be used to enhance navigation in Web 2.0 collaborative applications, such as LastFM and Delicious.
Abstract: While social networks provide news from old buddies, you can learn a lot more from people you do not know, but with whom you share many interests. We show in this paper how to build a network of anonymous social acquaintances using a gossip protocol we call Gossple, and how to leverage such a network to enhance navigation within Web 2.0 collaborative applications, a la LastFM and Delicious. Gossple nodes (users) periodically gossip digests of their interest profiles and compute their distances (in terms of interest) with respect to other nodes. This is achieved with little bandwidth and storage, fast convergence, and without revealing which profile is associated with which user. We evaluate Gossple on real traces from various Web 2.0 applications with hundreds of PlanetLab hosts and thousands of simulated nodes.
88 citations