Architecture of the osteocyte network correlates with bone material quality.
Michael Kerschnitzki,Philip Kollmannsberger,Manfred Burghammer,Georg N. Duda,Richard Weinkamer,Wolfgang Wagermaier,Peter Fratzl +6 more
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TLDR
In this paper, the authors visualize and topologically quantify the osteocyte network in mineralized bone sections with confocal laser scanning microscopy, and use this information to determine nanoscopic bone mineral particle size and arrangement relative to the cell network.Abstract:
In biological tissues such as bone, cell function and activity crucially depend on the physical properties of the extracellular matrix which the cells synthesize and condition. During bone formation and remodeling, osteoblasts get embedded into the matrix they deposit and differentiate to osteocytes. These cells form a dense network throughout the entire bone material. Osteocytes are known to orchestrate bone remodeling. However, the precise role of osteocytes during mineral homeostasis and their potential influence on bone material quality remains unclear. To understand the mutual influence of osteocytes and extracellular matrix, it is crucial to reveal their network organization in relation to the properties of their surrounding material. Here we visualize and topologically quantify the osteocyte network in mineralized bone sections with confocal laser scanning microscopy. At the same region of the sample, synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering is used to determine nanoscopic bone mineral particle size and arrangement relative to the cell network. Major findings are that most of the mineral particles reside within less than a micrometer from the nearest cell network channel and that mineral particle characteristics depend on the distance from the cell network. The architecture of the network reveals optimization with respect to transport costs between cells and to blood vessels. In conclusion, these findings quantitatively show that the osteocyte network provides access to a huge mineral reservoir in bone due to its dense organization. The observed correlation between the architecture of osteocyte networks and bone material properties supports the hypothesis that osteocytes interact with their mineralized vicinity and thus, participate in bone mineral homeostasis.read more
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The Horizon of Materiobiology: A Perspective on Material-Guided Cell Behaviors and Tissue Engineering
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors systematically summarize the recent progress on how biomaterials with controllable properties (e.g., compositional/degradable dynamics, mechanical properties, 2D topography, and 3D geometry) can regulate cell behaviors and tissue/organ functions.
The horizon of materiobiology: A perspective on material-guided cell behaviors and tissue engineering
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Generation of 3D representative volume elements for heterogeneous materials: a review
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a systematic classification of representative volume element (RVE) generation techniques for heterogeneous materials, and divide heterogeneous solids into porous and non-porous media.
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Quantifying the osteocyte network in the human skeleton.
TL;DR: The osteocyte network is a highly complex communication network, and is much more vast than commonly appreciated, at the same order of magnitude as current estimates of the size of the neural network in the brain.
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A review of trabecular bone functional adaptation: what have we learned from trabecular analyses in extant hominoids and what can we apply to fossils?
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