Are Daughters Like Mothers: Evidence on Intergenerational Educational Mobility Among Young Females in India
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined intergenerational educational mobility for young females (vis-a-vis their mothers) in India, taking data from the India Youth Survey: Situation and Needs.
Abstract: Taking data from the ‘India Youth Survey: Situation and Needs’ the paper examines intergenerational educational mobility for young females (vis-a-vis their mothers) in India. The paper uses transition/mobility matrices and mobility measures widely used in the literature on intergenerational mobility for the examination. The overall intergenerational educational mobility among the young females in India is about 0.69 (the upper limit being 1). The upwards component of the overall intergenerational educational mobility is 0.55 (that is, nearly four-fifth of the overall). Also, the intergenerational educational mobility is slightly higher in the ‘Scheduled Castes and Tribes (SC/ST)’ compared to the ‘Other Backward Castes (OBC)’ as well as ‘Others’ castes. But the upward mobility is substantially higher in the ‘Others’ caste group compared to SC/STs. The upward mobility among the OBCs is higher than that of SC/STs but lower than that of the ‘Others’ category. Also, the overall mobility as well as upward mobility is higher in urban areas. Moreover, there are large inter-state variations with the economically and demographically poorer states having substantially lower overall as well as upward mobility than the economically and demographically advanced states.
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TL;DR: Despite the multiple meta-analyses documenting the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and achievement, none have examined this question outside of English-speaking industrialized countr....
Abstract: Despite the multiple meta-analyses documenting the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and achievement, none have examined this question outside of English-speaking industrialized countr...
61 citations
Cites background from "Are Daughters Like Mothers: Evidenc..."
...Six studies reported a separate correlation for girls and boys, amounting to 38 correlations in total (Choudhary & Singh, 2016a, 2016b; Moyi, 2013; Mungai, 2012; Pufall et al., 2016; Saito, 2011)....
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TL;DR: The hypothesis that increases in the schooling of women enhance the human capital of the next generation and thus make a unique contribution to economic growth is assessed on the basis of data describing green revolution India as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The hypothesis that increases in the schooling of women enhance the human capital of the next generation and thus make a unique contribution to economic growth is assessed on the basis of data describing green revolution India. Estimates are obtained that indicate that a component of the significant and positive relationship between maternal literacy and child schooling in the Indian setting reflects the productivity effect of home teaching and that the existence of this effect, combined with the increase in returns to schooling for men, importantly underlies the expansion of female literary following the onset of the green revolution.
30 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used two rounds of Indian National Family Health Surveys and concepts of Inequality of Opportunity and Human Opportunity Indices to measure inequality arising out of unequal access to full immunization and minimum nutrition for Indian children.
Abstract: A child’s access to health care and minimum nutrition should not depend on circumstances such as caste, religion, gender, place of birth, or other parental characteristics, which are beyond the control of a child. This paper uses two rounds of Indian National Family Health Surveys and concepts of Inequality of Opportunity and Human Opportunity Indices to measure inequality arising out of unequal access to full immunization and minimum nutrition for Indian children. The results suggest overall high level of inequality of opportunity with substantial geographical variations. Changes in inequality of opportunity in the two services during 1992-93 to 2005-06 were mixed with some geographical regions outperforming others. The findings also call for substantial policy revisions if the goal of universal access to full immunization and minimum nutrition has to be achieved.
23 citations
TL;DR: The authors showed that developing nations feature stronger intergenerational educational persistence than high-income countries, in spite of substantial educational expansion in the last decades, despite the substantial increase in educational expansion over the last decade.
Abstract: This paper reviews the small but growing literature on intergenerational educational mobility in the developing world. Education is a critical determinant of economic well-being, and it predicts a range of non-pecuniary outcomes such as marriage, fertility, health, crime, and political attitudes. We show that developing nations feature stronger intergenerational educational persistence than high-income countries, in spite of substantial educational expansion in the last decades.
18 citations
TL;DR: The findings suggest that the consequences of civil war and political transition in Tajikistan were gendered: boys’ attainment was disrupted when they lived in a conflict-affected area and were 16-to-17 years old when the war began; girls’ educational attainment decline was more widespread.
Abstract: The sweeping political transition from the Soviet Union to independence in Tajikistan was accompanied by a devastating civil war. Social, economic, and demographic change followed. This research ex...
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the impact of schooling on fertility decline in Brazil and found that the link between schooling and fertility decline occurred through parents investment in producing healthy well-educated children and trading off quantity for quality Data were obtained from retrospective fertility histories among over 100000 women who participated in the PNAD household survey in 1984.
Abstract: This study examined the impact of schooling on fertility decline in Brazil Brazils fertility decline began with few organized family planning programs and continued during periods of economic growth and recession It is argued that the link between schooling and fertility decline occurred through parents investment in producing healthy well-educated children and trading off quantity for quality Data were obtained from retrospective fertility histories among over 100000 women who participated in the PNAD household survey in 1984 Fertility decline was only weakly associated with increased female labor force participation The theoretical background suggests that schooling affects fertility investments in children and the labor market Child survival varied widely between women with no schooling and women with 11 years of schooling Mean schooling for males and females rose steadily over time The most rapid increase occurred for 1940-54 birth cohorts The percentage of women with under 1 year of schooling declined steadily for men and women and was faster for women (under 10% for the youngest cohort) An increase in wifes schooling from 0-4 years was associated with a decline in children by age 30 years of 085 births for younger women and 060 births for older women A model predicted 68% of actual fertility decline in 1935-39 and 1951-53 cohorts The effect of husbands schooling disappeared after 8 years of schooling while wifes effects continued to be negative Labor force participation was less at lower levels of education Schooling strongly effected measures of child quality
288 citations
TL;DR: The 1988 Malaysian Family Life Survey-2 includes data on the educational attainment of three generations of individuals in the same family enabling an analysis of the relative impacts of micro-and macro-level factors on schooling.
Abstract: The 1988 Malaysian Family Life Survey-2 includes data on the educational attainment of three generations of individuals in the same family enabling an analysis of the relative impacts of micro- and macro-level factors on schooling. Since independence in 1957 the Malaysian Government has pursued policies aimed at strengthening the educational system and ensuring access to the Malays the majority ethnic group. At the time of this survey educational attainment in Malaysia averaged 10 years and there were no significant gender or racial differentials. Used in this analysis was a sequential discrete-time hazard model that estimated equations for the schooling decisions (none elementary secondary and postsecondary) of all children within a family jointly and identified family-specific economic and demographic constraints present at the time schooling decisions were made. Of primary interest was the role of parental education in the intergenerational transmission of educational attainment. The models indicated that at least two-thirds of the impact of parental education was a direct consequence of parent schooling and the remaining one-third resulted from unmeasured factors that influence the educational attainment of parents and children. The direct effects of parental education primarily influence same-sex children and the effect of a mothers education on her daughters school attendance is slightly stronger than the effect of a fathers education on that of his son. The direct effect of fathers education appears to stem primarily from its impact on economic resources and location of the family while the direct effect of maternal education operates through the quality of time she spends with children.
281 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted an econometric analysis of data for a sample of over 4000 children in India, between the ages of 1 and 2 years, with a view to studying two aspects of the neglect of children: their likelihood of being immunised against disease and their likelihood to receive a nutritious diet.
250 citations
TL;DR: Examination of indicators of childhood feeding, health care, and nutritional status of children under age 3 by birth order and sex composition of older living siblings in India finds that gender discrimination is as common in the South as in the North, where son preference is generally much stronger.
Abstract: A recent review of 306 child nutrition surveys from developing countries concluded that evidence on sex differentials in undernutrition does not support the notion that antifemale bias in intrahousehold food allocation and health care is causing excess female undernutrition. As Marcoux noted “the statistical evidence tells us that where detectable differences by sex exist boys usually fare worse than girls by anthropometric indicators.” Sommerfelt and Arnold (1998) reached a similar conclusion after reviewing evidence on sex differentials in stunting underweight and wasting from 41 Demographic and Health Surveys. Sommerfelt and Piani (1997) examined sex differences in immunization coverage in 28 countries that participated in Demographic and Health Surveys during 1990–94 and found a “slight tendency for vaccination coverage to be somewhat higher among girls than among boys.” A detailed review of literature on intrahousehold distribution of food found little evidence of discrimination against girls in feeding. Basu drawing on field data from India and a review of literature on household allocation of food in South Asia where antifemale discrimination is believed to be widespread found little evidence of discrimination against girls. Analyzing data from a national survey in India Mishra et al. (1999) found that boys and girls were about equally likely to be stunted and underweight but boys were slightly more likely than girls to be wasted. Schoenbaum et al. (1995) also found no consistent evidence of differences by sex in feeding or nutritional status among children aged 0–18 months in the Gaza Strip. (excerpt)
231 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The authors found that the distribution of income among men and women within the household does affect demand patterns and this is true for both non-labor income as well as total income, and that income in the hands of women is associated with a larger increase in the share of the household budget devoted to human capital (household services, health and education) and also leisure (recreation and ceremonies) goods.
Abstract: Most economic models of the household assume that it may be treated as if all members share the same preferences or one member (a dictator) makes all resource allocation decisions. That assumption is tested by asking whether income in the hands of men has the same impact on household commodity demand as income in the hands of women. Drawing on budget data from Brazil, we find that the distribution of income among men and women within the household does affect demand patterns and this is true for both non-labor income as well as total income. Income in the hands of women, relative to men, is associated with a larger increase in the share of the household budget devoted to human capital (household services, health and education) and also leisure (recreation and ceremonies) goods. The proportion of the budget spent on food declines more if the income is in the hands of women although food composition also changes and nutrient intakes rise faster as women's income increases. When the sample is restricted to only those couples in which both have some income, however, there is little evidence that income in the hands of men and women have significantly different effects on commodity consumption.
212 citations