Are Daughters Like Mothers: Evidence on Intergenerational Educational Mobility Among Young Females in India
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined intergenerational educational mobility for young females (vis-a-vis their mothers) in India, taking data from the India Youth Survey: Situation and Needs.
Abstract: Taking data from the ‘India Youth Survey: Situation and Needs’ the paper examines intergenerational educational mobility for young females (vis-a-vis their mothers) in India. The paper uses transition/mobility matrices and mobility measures widely used in the literature on intergenerational mobility for the examination. The overall intergenerational educational mobility among the young females in India is about 0.69 (the upper limit being 1). The upwards component of the overall intergenerational educational mobility is 0.55 (that is, nearly four-fifth of the overall). Also, the intergenerational educational mobility is slightly higher in the ‘Scheduled Castes and Tribes (SC/ST)’ compared to the ‘Other Backward Castes (OBC)’ as well as ‘Others’ castes. But the upward mobility is substantially higher in the ‘Others’ caste group compared to SC/STs. The upward mobility among the OBCs is higher than that of SC/STs but lower than that of the ‘Others’ category. Also, the overall mobility as well as upward mobility is higher in urban areas. Moreover, there are large inter-state variations with the economically and demographically poorer states having substantially lower overall as well as upward mobility than the economically and demographically advanced states.
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TL;DR: Despite the multiple meta-analyses documenting the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and achievement, none have examined this question outside of English-speaking industrialized countr....
Abstract: Despite the multiple meta-analyses documenting the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and achievement, none have examined this question outside of English-speaking industrialized countr...
61 citations
Cites background from "Are Daughters Like Mothers: Evidenc..."
...Six studies reported a separate correlation for girls and boys, amounting to 38 correlations in total (Choudhary & Singh, 2016a, 2016b; Moyi, 2013; Mungai, 2012; Pufall et al., 2016; Saito, 2011)....
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TL;DR: The hypothesis that increases in the schooling of women enhance the human capital of the next generation and thus make a unique contribution to economic growth is assessed on the basis of data describing green revolution India as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The hypothesis that increases in the schooling of women enhance the human capital of the next generation and thus make a unique contribution to economic growth is assessed on the basis of data describing green revolution India. Estimates are obtained that indicate that a component of the significant and positive relationship between maternal literacy and child schooling in the Indian setting reflects the productivity effect of home teaching and that the existence of this effect, combined with the increase in returns to schooling for men, importantly underlies the expansion of female literary following the onset of the green revolution.
30 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used two rounds of Indian National Family Health Surveys and concepts of Inequality of Opportunity and Human Opportunity Indices to measure inequality arising out of unequal access to full immunization and minimum nutrition for Indian children.
Abstract: A child’s access to health care and minimum nutrition should not depend on circumstances such as caste, religion, gender, place of birth, or other parental characteristics, which are beyond the control of a child. This paper uses two rounds of Indian National Family Health Surveys and concepts of Inequality of Opportunity and Human Opportunity Indices to measure inequality arising out of unequal access to full immunization and minimum nutrition for Indian children. The results suggest overall high level of inequality of opportunity with substantial geographical variations. Changes in inequality of opportunity in the two services during 1992-93 to 2005-06 were mixed with some geographical regions outperforming others. The findings also call for substantial policy revisions if the goal of universal access to full immunization and minimum nutrition has to be achieved.
23 citations
TL;DR: The authors showed that developing nations feature stronger intergenerational educational persistence than high-income countries, in spite of substantial educational expansion in the last decades, despite the substantial increase in educational expansion over the last decade.
Abstract: This paper reviews the small but growing literature on intergenerational educational mobility in the developing world. Education is a critical determinant of economic well-being, and it predicts a range of non-pecuniary outcomes such as marriage, fertility, health, crime, and political attitudes. We show that developing nations feature stronger intergenerational educational persistence than high-income countries, in spite of substantial educational expansion in the last decades.
18 citations
TL;DR: The findings suggest that the consequences of civil war and political transition in Tajikistan were gendered: boys’ attainment was disrupted when they lived in a conflict-affected area and were 16-to-17 years old when the war began; girls’ educational attainment decline was more widespread.
Abstract: The sweeping political transition from the Soviet Union to independence in Tajikistan was accompanied by a devastating civil war. Social, economic, and demographic change followed. This research ex...
13 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed statistical inference procedures for testing income mobility with transition matrices and applied them to income mobility in the U.S. and Germany using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and German Socio-Economic Panel data.
117 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two eigenvalue measures of immobility are proposed for social processes described by a Markov chain and compared to each other and to correlation and regression to the mean measures.
Abstract: Two eigenvalue measures of immobility are proposed for social processes described by a Markov chain. One is the second largest eigenvalue modulus of the chain's transition matrix. The other is the second largest eigenvalue modulus of a closely related transition matrix. The two eigenvalue measures are compared to each other and to correlation and regression‐to‐the‐mean measures. In illustrative applications to intergenerational occupational mobility, the eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue measures are found to be good proxies for occupational status rankings for a number of countries, thus reinforcing a pattern noted by Klatsky and Hodge and by Duncan‐Jones.
95 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors associate inequality of opportunities with outcome differences that can be accounted by predetermined circumstances which lie beyond the control of an individual, such as parental education, parental occupation, caste, religion, and place of birth, and find evidence that the parental education specific opportunity share of overall earnings and consumption expenditure is largest in urban India, but caste and geographical region also play an equally important role when rural India is considered.
Abstract: The paper associates inequality of opportunities with outcome differences that can be accounted by predetermined circumstances which lie beyond the control of an individual, such as parental education, parental occupation, caste, religion, and place of birth. The non-parametric estimates using parental education as a measure of circumstances reveal that the opportunity share of earnings inequality in 2004–05 was 11–19 percent for urban India and 5–8 percent for rural India. The same figures for consumption expenditure inequality are 10–19 percent for urban India and 5–9 percent for rural India. The overall opportunity share estimates (parametric) of earnings inequality due to circumstances, including caste, religion, region, parental education, and parental occupation, vary from 18 to 26 percent for urban India, and from 16 to 21 percent for rural India. The overall opportunity share estimates for consumption expenditure inequality are close to the earnings inequality figures for both urban and rural areas. The analysis further finds evidence that the parental education specific opportunity share of overall earnings (and consumption expenditure) inequality is largest in urban India, but caste and geographical region also play an equally important role when rural India is considered.
74 citations
TL;DR: There was a trend throughout the entire sample for children of female-headed households to be taller and heavier for their age than those of two parent homes; all three anthropometric measures showed differences in the same direction.
73 citations