Are Daughters Like Mothers: Evidence on Intergenerational Educational Mobility Among Young Females in India
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined intergenerational educational mobility for young females (vis-a-vis their mothers) in India, taking data from the India Youth Survey: Situation and Needs.
Abstract: Taking data from the ‘India Youth Survey: Situation and Needs’ the paper examines intergenerational educational mobility for young females (vis-a-vis their mothers) in India. The paper uses transition/mobility matrices and mobility measures widely used in the literature on intergenerational mobility for the examination. The overall intergenerational educational mobility among the young females in India is about 0.69 (the upper limit being 1). The upwards component of the overall intergenerational educational mobility is 0.55 (that is, nearly four-fifth of the overall). Also, the intergenerational educational mobility is slightly higher in the ‘Scheduled Castes and Tribes (SC/ST)’ compared to the ‘Other Backward Castes (OBC)’ as well as ‘Others’ castes. But the upward mobility is substantially higher in the ‘Others’ caste group compared to SC/STs. The upward mobility among the OBCs is higher than that of SC/STs but lower than that of the ‘Others’ category. Also, the overall mobility as well as upward mobility is higher in urban areas. Moreover, there are large inter-state variations with the economically and demographically poorer states having substantially lower overall as well as upward mobility than the economically and demographically advanced states.
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TL;DR: Despite the multiple meta-analyses documenting the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and achievement, none have examined this question outside of English-speaking industrialized countr....
Abstract: Despite the multiple meta-analyses documenting the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and achievement, none have examined this question outside of English-speaking industrialized countr...
61 citations
Cites background from "Are Daughters Like Mothers: Evidenc..."
...Six studies reported a separate correlation for girls and boys, amounting to 38 correlations in total (Choudhary & Singh, 2016a, 2016b; Moyi, 2013; Mungai, 2012; Pufall et al., 2016; Saito, 2011)....
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TL;DR: The hypothesis that increases in the schooling of women enhance the human capital of the next generation and thus make a unique contribution to economic growth is assessed on the basis of data describing green revolution India as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The hypothesis that increases in the schooling of women enhance the human capital of the next generation and thus make a unique contribution to economic growth is assessed on the basis of data describing green revolution India. Estimates are obtained that indicate that a component of the significant and positive relationship between maternal literacy and child schooling in the Indian setting reflects the productivity effect of home teaching and that the existence of this effect, combined with the increase in returns to schooling for men, importantly underlies the expansion of female literary following the onset of the green revolution.
30 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used two rounds of Indian National Family Health Surveys and concepts of Inequality of Opportunity and Human Opportunity Indices to measure inequality arising out of unequal access to full immunization and minimum nutrition for Indian children.
Abstract: A child’s access to health care and minimum nutrition should not depend on circumstances such as caste, religion, gender, place of birth, or other parental characteristics, which are beyond the control of a child. This paper uses two rounds of Indian National Family Health Surveys and concepts of Inequality of Opportunity and Human Opportunity Indices to measure inequality arising out of unequal access to full immunization and minimum nutrition for Indian children. The results suggest overall high level of inequality of opportunity with substantial geographical variations. Changes in inequality of opportunity in the two services during 1992-93 to 2005-06 were mixed with some geographical regions outperforming others. The findings also call for substantial policy revisions if the goal of universal access to full immunization and minimum nutrition has to be achieved.
23 citations
TL;DR: The authors showed that developing nations feature stronger intergenerational educational persistence than high-income countries, in spite of substantial educational expansion in the last decades, despite the substantial increase in educational expansion over the last decade.
Abstract: This paper reviews the small but growing literature on intergenerational educational mobility in the developing world. Education is a critical determinant of economic well-being, and it predicts a range of non-pecuniary outcomes such as marriage, fertility, health, crime, and political attitudes. We show that developing nations feature stronger intergenerational educational persistence than high-income countries, in spite of substantial educational expansion in the last decades.
18 citations
TL;DR: The findings suggest that the consequences of civil war and political transition in Tajikistan were gendered: boys’ attainment was disrupted when they lived in a conflict-affected area and were 16-to-17 years old when the war began; girls’ educational attainment decline was more widespread.
Abstract: The sweeping political transition from the Soviet Union to independence in Tajikistan was accompanied by a devastating civil war. Social, economic, and demographic change followed. This research ex...
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TL;DR: The main conclusions are the following: GWHI contributes substantially to the overall inequality in immunization status of Indian children; and though the Overall inequality in Immunization status declined in all the regions, the changes in G WHI were mixed.
Abstract: Background and Objectives
Despite India's substantial economic growth in the past two decades, girls in India are discriminated against in access to preventive healthcare including immunizations Surprisingly, no study has assessed the contribution of gender based within-household discrimination to the overall inequality in immunization status of Indian children This study therefore has two objectives: to estimate the gender based within-household inequality (GWHI) in immunization status of Indian children and to examine the inter-regional and inter-temporal variations in the GWHI
54 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined gender differences in child schooling, using indicators of school enrolment and attainment at the primary level, using WIDER data set from rural West Bengal, and found that the characteristics of the older siblings and household resource constraint can explain observed gender difference.
Abstract: Using the WIDER data-set from rural West Bengal, this article examines gender differences in child schooling, using indicators of school enrolment and attainment at the primary level. Among various factors studied, there is only weak evidence that characteristics of the older siblings and household resource constraint can explain this observed gender difference. There is, however, significant evidence that paternal and maternal education explain gender differences in both school enrolment and attainment: while father's education has a significant impact on both boy's and girl's education at the primary level, mother's literacy has greater impact on the chances of daughters being educated than sons. In other words, when mothers have bargaining power, in this case via education, they are likely to increase collective household welfare rather than to perpetuate discriminatory practices.
48 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the extent of intergenerational mobility in both educational and occupational attainments for diverse ethnic groups in India to understand the inertia of discrimination prevalent, and found that strong inter-generational stickiness in educational achievement and occupational distribution among scheduled castes and tribes who have been discriminated against historically.
Abstract: Discrimination against specific ethnic groups transcends the boundary of current generation and perpetuates across future generations as well. This is manifested as low Intergenerational Mobility in terms of both Education and Occupation in developing countries in general, and among specific ethnic groups within those countries in particular. The present paper examines the extent of intergenerational mobility in both educational and occupational attainments for diverse ethnic groups in India to understand the inertia of discrimination prevalent. Results indicate strong intergenerational stickiness in both educational achievement and occupational distribution among the scheduled castes and tribes who have been discriminated against historically. Occupational mobility is lower than educational mobility indicating that educational progress is not being transformed to occupational improvement and brings up the possibility of discrimination in the labour market. This also brings to fore the fact that historical discrimination and social exclusion have had a long run effect and the inertia is quite strong.
41 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used two nationally representative data sets from rural India to explain why many Indian children do not complete elementary education and suggest that a stronger focus on adult literacy may support, rather than compete with, the nation's goal of achieving universal elementary enrollment and completion.
Abstract: Many Indian children, especially those in rural areas, do not complete elementary education. Indeed, many never enroll in school, and many drop out after only a few years of schooling. An even larger proportion of India’s adults are illiterate. In the wake of the millennium development goals (MDGs) and conversations about Education for All, India’s government has focused its educational policy on increasing school enrollment and retention. Meanwhile, it has paid comparatively limited attention to adult illiteracy. In a developing economy with scarce resources, it is understandably difficult to spend to meet multiple social needs simultaneously. I suggest, however, that a stronger focus on adult literacy may support, rather than compete with, the nation’s goal of achieving universal elementary enrollment and completion. In this article, I use two nationally representative data sets from rural India to explain why. The article is divided into five sections. In the first section, I review India’s school enrollment situation. In the second section, I review the adult illiteracy problem, which has received comparatively limited attention. In the final sections, I present and discuss empirical analyses of the relationship between adult illiteracy and (a) current elementary school enrollment and (b) elementary school completion, present and discuss results, and conclude.
41 citations