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Aristotle, Prior Analytics
28 Nov 2007-
About: The article was published on 2007-11-28 and is currently open access. It has received 73 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Analytics.
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01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: The paper shows how argumentation schemes and critical questions should be fitted into the technique of argument diagramming using the Araucaria software system, and discusses several problems arising from the need to deal with enthymemes.
Abstract: Argumentation schemes are forms of argument that model stereotypical patterns of reasoning. This paper is part of a project on the formalization of argumentation schemes. The paper shows how argumentation schemes and critical questions should be fitted into the technique of argument diagramming using the Araucaria software system. This XML-based system provides an interface through which the user can mark up a text of discourse to produce an argument diagram. We discuss several problems arising from the need to deal with enthymemes.
55 citations
05 May 2011
TL;DR: It is concluded that work on methodological models for IS DSR and ISDT building would be given a firmer base and some differences in opinion resolved if there was explicit reflection on the underlying contexts of both discovery and justification and the forms of reasoning implicated, as in the idealized model.
Abstract: Several models for the conduct of design science research (DSR) in information systems (IS) have been suggested. There has, however, been little academic investigation of the basic forms of reasoning underlying these models, namely: deduction, induction and abduction. We argue that a more thorough investigation of these reasoning logics allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the DSR models and the building of information systems design theories (ISDTs). In particular, the question of whether prescriptive design knowledge can be "theory driven" by descriptive kernel theory can be addressed. First, we show that it is important to distinguish between a context of discovery and a context of justification in theory building and to consider the fundamental forms of reasoning in this light. We present an idealized model of the hypothetico-deductive method, showing how progress is achieved in science. This model includes the contexts of discovery and justification and the matching forms of reasoning. Second, we analyze frameworks for IS DSR and ISDT in comparison with this idealized model. This analysis suggests that few frameworks explicitly refer to the underlying forms of reasoning. Illustrative case studies with first-hand accounts of how IS DSR occurs in practice lend support to the conception of the idealized model. We conclude that work on methodological models for IS DSR and ISDT building would be given a firmer base and some differences in opinion resolved if there was explicit reflection on the underlying contexts of both discovery and justification and the forms of reasoning implicated, as in our idealized model.
49 citations
TL;DR: Aristotle's theory of meaning interpreted in light of his conception of phantasia faces several challenges, as we saw at the end of Chapter 7 as discussed by the authors, and the extension of his theory to include scientific definition raises additional questions.
Abstract: Thought and Meaning As a mode of sensory representation, phantasia is well placed to secure the reference of a common noun such as cat. An image derived from the perception of one cat resembles other cats. Aristotle's theory of meaning interpreted in light of his conception of phantasia faces several challenges, as we saw at the end of Chapter 7. The extension of his theory of meaning thus interpreted to include scientific definition raises additional questions. At best the image of a cat seems to convey minimal information about the essence of a cat, and so it appears to have little relevance for the logos that is captured in the real definition and is constitutive of knowledge. The image, moreover, presents as salient characteristics features that may be unique to the individual cat(s) perceived, yet ex hypothesi the mind derives the meaning of the generic term 'cat' from images of individual cats. How the mind grasps the essence remains a mystery, as does how the mind grasps the meanings of the terms that are common names of macroscopic objects. Aristotle's answer to these puzzles, if he has one, must be found in his conception of thought. The challenge he faces is to give an account that allows phantasia to play a crucial role in determining reference while avoiding the pitfalls sketched above. Were he to envisage thinking in a way that forced sensory representation to the sidelines by treating it as little more than a backdrop of moving imagery, sensory representation 1 There is a problem about deriving meanings from perceptions when attention is focused on the actual world. When thought experiments appealing to possible worlds are brought into the picture, the problems are compounded. For instance, let us borrow Putnam's (1988) example of the use of 'water' on earth prior to the discovery of the atomic composition of water and the use of 'water' on twin earth; on earth, the actual but unknown composition is H2O and on twin earth the actual but unknown composition is XYZ. The reference of the term 'water' is different on earth and twin earth, and if reference is a function of meaning it looks as if there are two different meanings of 'water' that would elude any specification of the meaning on earth or twin earth. Similarly, if the meaning of the term just is the associated image, there would seem to be no way to make sense of the difference between the use of 'water' on earth and on twin earth.
34 citations
01 Sep 2016
32 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a model for modal syllogistic logic based on Aristotelian genus-species trees has been proposed, which is based on the theory of the predicables developed in the Topics.
Abstract: Ever since Łukasiewicz, it has been opinio communis that Aristotle's modal syllogistic is incomprehensible due to its many faults and inconsistencies, and that there is no hope of finding a single consistent formal model for it. The aim of this paper is to disprove these claims by giving such a model. My main points shall be, first, that Aristotle's syllogistic is a pure term logic that does not recognize an extra syntactic category of individual symbols besides syllogistic terms and, second, that Aristotelian modalities are to be understood as certain relations between terms as described in the theory of the predicables developed in the Topics. Semantics for modal syllogistic is to be based on Aristotelian genus-species trees. The reason that attempts at consistently reconstructing modal syllogistic have failed up to now lies not in the modal syllogistic itself, but in the inappropriate application of modern modal logic and extensional set theory to the modal syllogistic. After formalizing the underlying...
28 citations
Cites background from "Aristotle, Prior Analytics"
...The syllogisms This section presents a summary of Aristotle’s validity and invalidity claims, largely following Smith (1989) in determining exactly which (in)validity claims Aristotle makes in the Prior Analytics....
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