Arthropod Pest Management in Organic Vegetable Greenhouses
About: This article is published in Journal of Integrated Pest Management.The article was published on 2017-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 13 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Integrated pest management.
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TL;DR: Thrips are major pests of vegetables and ornamental plants grown under protective structures, and can penetrate all but the finest insect screens; i.e. thrips exclusion screening has recommended hole-diameter.
13 citations
TL;DR: Findings were consistent regardless of species, treatment length, or period of incubation during which the cocoons were collected, and may guide management decisions concerning the spread of A. tokioensis and A. agrestis to new locations.
Abstract: In the United States earthworms of two Asian species (Amynthas tokioensis and A. agrestis) are leading a northward invasion into temperate forests and horticultural landscapes. Some studies have shown temperature sensitivity in earthworms, but none has explicitly tested the range of heat tolerance for A. tokioensis and A. agrestis cocoons. This study tested the hypothesis A. tokioensis and A. agrestis cocoons would become nonviable when exposed to 55 C in a laboratory setting. Clitellate earthworms of A. tokioensis and A. agrestis were established in replicate incubation cultures to quantify cocoon production rate and to obtain cocoons of known source. Cocoons were then exposed to heat treatments (3 or 15 d at 20, 30, 40, 45, 50, 55, or 60 C) to determine viability after heat exposure. Twelve A. tokioensis and A. agrestis earthworms produced as many as 74 and 82 cocoons in 20 d, respectively (overall mean = 0.14 ± 0.10 cocoons earthworm–1 d–1). All heat treatments ≥40 C resulted in zero viability (P < 0.001), but the 30 C treatment was no different than the control at 20 C (P = 1.000). These findings were consistent regardless of species, treatment length, or period of incubation during which the cocoons were collected. The threshold of tolerance was between 27.1 C (maximum of the 30 C treatment) and 38.1 C (minimum of the 40 C treatment) for A. tokioensis and A. agrestis cocoons. These data may guide management decisions concerning the spread of A. tokioensis and A. agrestis to new locations.
8 citations
TL;DR: The current stage of knowledge associated with various supplemental food types, which work best to support specific beneficial arthropods as well as some tools and techniques for successfully applying this biological control-enhancing strategy are summarized.
Abstract: Small modifications in greenhouse agroenvironments can have a big impact on the success of biological control programs. For instance, the application of supplemental foods during and after the release of natural enemies onto crop plants, could considerably improve their long-term reproductive and population growth prospects. As such, food supplementation represents a valuable biological control supportive strategy, helping to grow natural enemy populations before pest establishment, akin to creating a standing-army to defend crops against future pest invasions. In many places of the world, food supplementation represents a relatively new but growing component or biological control research, with increasingly better resources available to guide producers, IPM practitioners, or researchers wanting to apply or optimize such strategies to their local agents and environments. In this review, we summarize the current stage of knowledge associated with various supplemental food types, which work best to support specific beneficial arthropods as well as some tools and techniques for successfully applying this biological control-enhancing strategy. We also summarize some current challenges to the use of supplemental foods and discuss what future research is needed to adapt and optimize food supplementation for a diversity of natural enemy species.
7 citations
TL;DR: The results of this study show that these silicon dust formulations are effective to greenhouse and storage insect control and can be further exploited through various uses, e.g. in insect-proof nets to minimize the pest invasions in greenhouses.
7 citations
TL;DR: The results imply a multilocus approach as the next step in molecular identification of different Sphaerophoria species, while confirming the status of S. scripta as a powerful biocontrol agent of economically relevant aphid pests.
Abstract: With the advent of integrated pest management, the conservation of indigenous populations of natural enemies of pest species has become a relevant practice, necessitating the accurate identification of beneficial species and the inspection of evolutionary mechanisms affecting the long-time persistence of their populations. The long hoverfly, Sphaerophoria scripta, represents one of the most potent aphidophagous control agents due to a worldwide distribution and a favorable constellation of biological traits. Therefore, we assessed five European S. scripta populations by combining molecular (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I- COI, internal transcribed spacer 2- ITS2, and allozyme loci) and morphological (wing size and shape) characters. COI sequences retrieved in this study were conjointly analyzed with BOLD/GenBank sequences of the other Sphaerophoria species to evaluate whether COI possessed a sufficient diagnostic value as a DNA barcode marker to consistently delimit allospecific individuals. Additionally, the aforementioned characters were used to inspect the population structure of S. scripta in Europe using methods based on individual- and population-based genetic differences, as well as geometric morphometrics of wing traits. The results indicate numerous shared COI haplotypes among different Sphaerophoria species, thus disqualifying this marker from being an adequate barcoding region in this genus. Conversely, the analyses of population structuring revealed high population connectivity across Europe, therefore indicating strong tolerance of S. scripta to environmental heterogeneity. The results imply a multilocus approach as the next step in molecular identification of different Sphaerophoria species, while confirming the status of S. scripta as a powerful biocontrol agent of economically relevant aphid pests.
6 citations
Cites background from "Arthropod Pest Management in Organi..."
...…of key predators (Happe et al., 2019), assessing species borders of beneficial insects such as aphidophagous hoverflies would provide a solid base for sustainable biological control and pest management in agroecosystems (Happe et al., 2019; Le Hesran et al., 2019; Weintraub et al., 2017)....
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References
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TL;DR: Evidence of declines (pre-versus post-1980) in local bee diversity in Britain and the Netherlands is found and a causal connection between local extinctions of functionally linked plant and pollinator species is strongly suggested.
Abstract: Despite widespread concern about declines in pollination services, little is known about the patterns of change in most pollinator assemblages. By studying bee and hoverfly assemblages in Britain and the Netherlands, we found evidence of declines (pre-versus post-1980) in local bee diversity in both countries; however, divergent trends were observed in hoverflies. Depending on the assemblage and location, pollinator declines were most frequent in habitat and flower specialists, in univoltine species, and/or in nonmigrants. In conjunction with this evidence, outcrossing plant species that are reliant on the declining pollinators have themselves declined relative to other plant species. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest a causal connection between local extinctions of functionally linked plant and pollinator species.
2,616 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors integrate and synthesize the findings of published research on organic food consumption and identify several themes that reflect the various rationales used by consumers when deciding to purchase organic food.
Abstract: This paper integrates and synthesizes the findings of published research on organic food consumption. We identify several themes that reflect the various rationales used by consumers when deciding to purchase organic food. The literature clearly indicates that the word "organic" has many meanings, that consumers of organic foods are not homogeneous in demographics or in beliefs, and that further research could help better describe the various constituencies that are often lumped together as "organic food consumers". The organic and broader food industries must better understand the variety of motivations, perceptions, and attitudes consumers hold regarding organic foods and their consumption if their own long-term interests, as well as those of other stakeholders of food marketing, are to be best served. We conclude with implications and suggestions for further research.
1,523 citations
Book•
01 Feb 2016
TL;DR: The 17th edition of The World of Organic Agriculture as discussed by the authors provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in global organic agriculture, including contributions from representatives of the organic sector from throughout the world and provides comprehensive organic farming statistics.
Abstract: The 17th edition of The World of Organic Agriculture, published by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) and IFOAM – Organics International, provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in global organic agriculture. It includes contributions from representatives of the organic sector from throughout the world and provides comprehensive organic farming statistics that cover area under organic management, specific information about land use in organic systems, numbers of farms and other operator types as well as selected market data.
The book also contains information on the global market for organic food, information on standards and regulations, organic policy, as well as insights into current and emerging trends in organic agriculture in Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, North America and Oceania. In addition, the volume contains reports about the organic sector in Australia, Canada, the Pacific Islands, Thailand, and the United States of America, as well as brief updates for various countries in Asia as well as Latin America and the Caribbean.
New additions to this edition are an article on organic cotton from the Textile Exchange and a chapter reviewing eight key commodities certified by selected Voluntary Sustainability Standards (VSS).
This book has been produced with the support of the International Trade Centre (ITC), the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) and NurnbergMesse.
1,444 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that chance evolutionary processes, history, and constraints should be considered and quantifying variance between individuals and populations and using fitness measurements to test the adaptive value of traits identified in insect color vision systems are suggested.
Abstract: We review the physiological, molecular, and neural mechanisms of insect color vision. Phylogenetic and molecular analyses reveal that the basic bauplan, UV-blue-green-trichromacy, appears to date back to the Devonian ancestor of all pterygote insects. There are variations on this theme, however. These concern the number of color receptor types, their differential expression across the retina, and their fine tuning along the wavelength scale. In a few cases (but not in many others), these differences can be linked to visual ecology. Other insects have virtually identical sets of color receptors despite strong differences in lifestyle. Instead of the adaptionism that has dominated visual ecology in the past, we propose that chance evolutionary processes, history, and constraints should be considered. In addition to phylogenetic analyses designed to explore these factors, we suggest quantifying variance between individuals and populations and using fitness measurements to test the adaptive value of traits identified in insect color vision systems.
1,308 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the values that underlie consumers purchasing decisions of organic food and found that most consumers associate organic at first with vegetables and fruit and a healthy diet with organic products.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to explore the values that underlie consumers purchasing decisions of organic food.Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on data from focus groups and laddering interviews with a total of 181 regular and occasional consumers of organic food that were contrasted with survey results of other studies.Findings – The results show that most consumers associate organic at first with vegetables and fruit and a healthy diet with organic products. Fruit and vegetables are also the first and in many cases only experience with buying organic product. The decision‐making process is complex and the importance of motives and barriers may vary between product categories.Research limitations/implications – While further research would be required to facilitate full understanding of the consumer‐decision making process with regard to organic produce, this work indicates the complexity of the process and the likelihood of variation between different product categories. Future re...
1,133 citations