Artificial insemination in fowls
About: This article is published in Journal of Heredity.The article was published on 1936-01-01. It has received 97 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Artificial insemination.
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TL;DR: Methods of semen collection and artificial insemination in poultry, requirement for diluents, methods of liquid and frozen storage of avian semen and evaluation of spermatozoa after storage for fertilizing ability are reviewed.
200 citations
Cites methods from "Artificial insemination in fowls"
...The technique currently used for AI in poultry was developed in the 1930s and involves applying pressure to the hen’s abdomen and everting the vaginal orifice Ž .through the cloaca Quinn and Burrows, 1936 ....
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that avian spermatozoa differ remarkably in response to osmotic changes, DMA concentrations, equilibration time, temperature, and survival after fast or slow freezing.
Abstract: Potential factors influencing spermatozoa survival to cryopreservation and thawing were analyzed across a range of the following avian species: domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus), domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Bonelli’s eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus), imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti), and peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). Studies focused on spermatozoa tolerance to the following: 1) osmotic stress, 2) different extracellular concentrations of the cryoprotectant dimethylacetamide (DMA), 3) equilibration times of 1 versus 4 h, 4) equilibration temperature of 4 versus 218C, and 5) rapid versus slow cooling before cryopreservation and standard thawing. Sperm viability was assessed with the live/dead stain (SYBR-14/propidium iodine). Sperm viability at osmolalities $800 mOsm was higher (P , 0.05) in raptor than poultry semen. Return to isotonicity after exposure to hypertonicity (3000 mOsm) decreased (P , 0.05) number of viable spermatozoa in chicken, turkey, and golden and Bonelli’s eagle spermatozoa but not in imperial eagle or peregrine falcon spermatozoa. Differences were found in spermatozoa resistance to hypotonic conditions, with eagle species demonstrating the most tolerance. Semen, equilibrated fo r1h( 48C) in diluent containing DMA ($2.06 M), experienced decreased (P , 0.05) spermatozoa survival in all species, except the golden eagle and peregrine falcon. Number of surviving spermatozoa diminished progressively with increasing DMA concentrations in all species. Increased equilibration temperature (from 4 to 218C) markedly reduced (P , 0.05) spermatozoa survival in all species except the Bonelli’s eagle and turkey. Rapid cooling was detrimental (P , 0.05) to spermatozoa from all species except the imperial eagle and the chicken. These results demonstrate that avian spermatozoa differ remarkably in response to osmotic changes, DMA concentrations, equilibration time, temperature, and survival after fast or slow freezing. These differences emphasize the need for species-specific studies in the development and enhancement of assisted breeding for poultry and endangered species. male sexual function, seasonal reproduction, sperm, sperm motility and transport
156 citations
TL;DR: The main emphasis in this chapter is on monogamy, extrapair copulations (EPCs), and associated behaviors, although sperm competition within other avian mating systems is also discussed.
Abstract: Publisher Summary The chapter discusses a review of sperm competition and behavioral adaptations to sperm competition in birds. Sperm competition is the competition between spermatozoa of different males to fertilize the eggs of a single female. The main emphasis in this chapter is on monogamy, extrapair copulations (EPCs), and associated behaviors, although sperm competition within other avian mating systems is also discussed. Four factors are known to influence the probability of extrapair paternity: (1) the timing and success of copulation— that is, sperm transfer by different males, (2) the relative numbers of copulations by different males, (3) the duration of sperm storage, and (4) sperm precedence. Extrapair paternity can be detected using genetic markers of two main types: those that are continuous variables (e.g., morphological characters) and those that are discontinuous variables (e.g., plumage color, enzyme polymorphisms). The chapter also discusses case studies on magpie ( pica pica ), common guillemot ( utria aalge ), swallow ( Hirundo rustica ), ringdove ( Barbary dove, Streptopelia risoria ), and indigo bunting ( Passerina cyanea ).
153 citations
TL;DR: Broodiness may be interrupted by confining a hen to a detention coop, and the pituitaries of broody hens, if implanted in the crop glands of 8–10 week old pigeons, cause prolactin-like reactions.
95 citations
TL;DR: Data support the sperm competition hypothesis for the evolution of cloacal protuberances and highlight extreme sperm production as one possible outcome of sperm competition in Australian fairy-wrens.
Abstract: In many passerine species males have enlarged cloacal protuberances during the breeding season. One hypothesis for the evolution of cloacal protuberances posits that they are a response to sperm competition and thus predicts that both within and between species the size of the protuberance correlates with the number of sperm stored. Here we provide the first intraspecific test of this hypothesis. In Australian fairy-wrens (Aves: Maluridae) females regularly mate outside of their social group resulting in intense sperm competition among males. Male fairy-wrens develop enlarged cloacal protuberances, and in a study of three species, splendid fairy-wren, white-winged fairy-wren, and variegated fairy-wren, we found significant intraspecific correlations between the size of a male’s protuberance and the stored sperm reserves in two of the three species. Males of these species had extreme numbers of sperm in their cloacal protuberances, up to 8.3 billion for splendid fairy-wrens, which should be available for a single ejaculate and is the most ever reported in an avian species. Studies of both captive and wild males showed that individuals can produce as many as 2 billion sperm per day. These data support the sperm competition hypothesis for the evolution of cloacal protuberances and highlight extreme sperm production as one possible outcome of sperm competition.
94 citations