Assessing resilience/sensitivity of tropical mountain rainforests towards climate variability of the last 1500 years: The long-term perspective at Lake Kalimpaa (Sulawesi, Indonesia)
TL;DR: In this paper, Palynological data are used to reconstruct forest vegetation dynamics and are compared to centennial time scale data of fire frequencies, palaeorainfall proxies and regional climate reconstructions to assess the drivers of these changes.
About: This article is published in Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology.The article was published on 2015-02-01. It has received 10 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Vegetation & Secondary forest.
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TL;DR: Quaternary (last 2.6 million years) botany involves studying plant megafossils (e.g. tree stumps), macrofossils, seeds, leaves, and microfossILS preserved in peat bogs as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Quaternary (last 2.6 million years) botany involves studying plant megafossils (e.g. tree stumps), macrofossils (e.g. seeds, leaves), and microfossils (e.g. pollen, spores) preserved in peat bogs a...
81 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a taxonomic study of phytoplankton in tropical and temperate high mountain lakes is presented, where the main difference arises from the seasonal patterns of heat exchange and the external loadings (carbon, phosphorus, metals).
Abstract: High mountain lakes are extreme freshwater ecosystems and excellent sentinels of current global change. They are likely among the most comparable ecosystems across the world. The largest contrast occurs between lakes in temperate and tropical areas. The main difference arises from the seasonal patterns of heat exchange and the external loadings (carbon, phosphorus, metals). The consequence is a water column structure based on temperature, in temperate lakes, and oxygen, in tropical lakes. This essential difference implies that, in tropical lakes, one can expect a more sustained productivity throughout the year; a higher nutrient internal loading based on the mineralization of external organic matter; higher nitrification-denitrification potential related to the oxyclines; and a higher metal mobilization due to the permanently reduced bottom layer. Quantifying and linking these and other biogeochemical pathways to particular groups of organisms is in the current agenda of high-mountain limnology. The intrinsic difficulties of the taxonomic study of many of the organisms inhabiting these systems can be now overcome with the use of molecular techniques. These techniques will not only provide a much less ambiguous taxonomic knowledge of the microscopic world, but also will unveil new biogeochemical pathways that are difficult to measure chemically and will solve biogeographical puzzles of the distribution of some macroscopic organism, tracing the relationship with other areas. Daily variability and vertical gradients in the tropics are the main factors of phytoplankton species turnover in tropical lakes; whereas seasonality is the main driver in temperate communities. The study of phytoplankton in high-mountain lakes only makes sense in an integrated view of the microscopic ecosystem. A large part of the plankton biomass is in heterotrophic, and mixotrophic organisms and prokaryotes compete for dissolved resources with eukaryotic autotrophs. In fact, high-mountain lake systems are excellent model ecosystems for applying an investigation linking airshed to sediments functional views. Additionally, the study of the mountain lakes districts as functional metacommunity units may reveal key differences in the distribution of organisms of limited (slow) dispersal. We propose that limnological studies at tropical and temperate high mountain lakes should adhere to a common general paradigm. In which biogeochemical processes are framed by the airshed-to-sediment continuum concept and the biogeographical processes in the functional lake district concept. The solid understanding of the fundamental limnological processes will facilitate stronger contributions to the assessment of the impacts of the on-going global change in remote areas.
54 citations
Cites background from "Assessing resilience/sensitivity of..."
...Evidence from the past shows that fire regimes in subalpine and montane zones depend on precipitation conditions (Beaty and Taylor, 2009; Biagioni et al., 2015), beyond human constraints....
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TL;DR: The authors used palynological and geochemical analysis of sediments from a tectonic basin to reconstruct the hydroclimatic, fire, and tropical rainforest dynamics of south Sulawesi over 16,000 years, and reveal the response of lowland ultramafic forest to large-scale environmental change.
18 citations
TL;DR: Palynological, charcoal and diatom analyses of a lake sediment core from Lake Lindu (Danau Lindu) reveal that during the last 1,000 years the Lindu plain has been modified by human activities as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The Lindu plain, located in the northern mountainous region of the Lore Lindu National Park in Sulawesi, Indonesia, provides many ecosystem services for the population inhabiting the area and harbours a unique biodiversity. Palynological, charcoal and diatom analyses of a lake sediment core from Lake Lindu (Danau Lindu) reveal that during the last 1,000 years the Lindu plain has been modified by human activities. Evidence of frequent burning and possible shifting cultivation from an earlier phase from ca. ad 1000 to 1200 might be related to the metal age population which erected the megaliths in the province of Central Sulawesi. From ca. ad 1200–1700 there followed 500 years of wetter climate conditions, corresponding to the southward movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. At the same time, decreases of macro-charcoal concentrations and pioneer vegetation indicators show that the use of the landscape of Lindu plain had become more permanent. Following a phase of forest recovery from ca. ad 1730 to 1910, the most recent part of the Lake Lindu record shows a trend towards deforestation that started in the late 20th century, lasting until now. The lake level started to fall at the beginning of the 20th century, as shown by the increase of sedimentation rate and supported by low pollen concentration and palaeomagnetic data. Such a change was unprecedented for the last 1,000 years covered by the record, and it has no link to the climate variability as reconstructed for the last hundred years. If deforestation increases and a larger amount of water is channelled away from the lake for irrigation purposes, the lake level will continue to fall. This suggests that there is a need for better management of the forests surrounding the plain and of the irrigation systems in the area open for cultivation.
13 citations
Cites background or result from "Assessing resilience/sensitivity of..."
...2 mm a due to human disturbances in its surroundings (Haberzettl et al. 2013; Wündsch et al. 2014; Biagioni et al. 2015)....
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...At the Pokekea site in the Besoa valley Kirleis et al. established a terminus ante quem for the erection of the large stone vats called kalambas of ca. AD 830 (Fig....
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...Similar results were also found at Kalimpaa and Besoa (Wündsch et al. 2014; Biagioni et al. 2015; Kirleis et al. 2011, 2012)....
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...Similar results were also found at Kalimpaa and Besoa (Wündsch et al. 2014; Biagioni et al. 2015; Kirleis et al. 2011, 2012)....
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...However, in contrast to the Lake Lindu record where there was a phase of forest recovery, the pollen analysis of the Besoa valley shows that open grassland persisted uninterrupted from 2,000 years ago when deforestation started....
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Dissertation•
11 Feb 2016
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of migrations on vegetation in the Oceanie Lointaine region of Vanuatu has been investigated, and the results reveal a periode chaude and humide, associe a la diminution de frequence and d'intensite des El Nino.
Abstract: Les premieres migrations ont atteint la region de l’Oceanie Lointaine (a l'est des iles Salomon) recemment, autour de 3000 ans BP. De nombreux elements sont a prendre en compte dans ce processus de deplacement de populations, dont les changements environnementaux. L’installation de l’Homme sur des iles vierges a probablement influence la faune et la flore insulaires, mais la reponse de la vegetation face a la pression anthropique varie d’un site etudie a un autre. Les objectifs de cette recherche ont ete de decrire l'influence humaine sur l'environnement depuis les premieres migrations, de determiner l'impact climatique sur ces deplacements de populations et sur la modification des paysages au cours de l'Holocene superieur ; puis, de caracteriser le comportement humain et son adaptation a une ile vierge. Pour repondre a cette problematique, deux carottes palustres, prelevees sur l'ile d'Efate (au centre du Vanuatu) ont ete etudiees : le marais d’Emaotfer et le lac Otas. Afin d’identifier la paleovegetation arboree et herbacee presente autour des sites, j’ai principalement analyse les grains de pollen et les micro-charbons. J’ai egalement reconstitue les temperatures et les precipitations passees a l’aide de fonctions de densite de probabilite.Au niveau climatique, ces analyses mettent en evidence une periode chaude et humide jusqu'a 3700 ans cal BP. Ensuite, un environnement plus sec se met en place, suite a une augmentation de l'ampleur et du nombre d’evenements El Nino. Entre 1950 et 750-600 ans cal BP, les resultats revelent un climat plus humide, associe a la diminution de frequence et d’intensite des El Nino. Les modifications de la vegetation du marais d’Emaotfer et du lac Otas illustrent une nouvelle periode seche apres 750-600 ans cal BP, que l’on peut associer au Petit Âge Glaciaire.Les populations Lapita ont atteint l'ile d'Efate vers 3000 ans cal BP, sous des frequents et importants El Nino, lorsque les vents d'est se sont arretes, favorisant la navigation a voile vers l’est. Ces resultats soutiennent l'hypothese de migrations vers l'est sous de faibles alizes. Les premiers colons etaient des navigateurs et des pecheurs-cueilleurs, ils ont eu peu d'impact sur l'environnement. Autour de 1500-1300 ans cal BP, une nouvelle population s’est installee sur le site d’Emaotfer, a developpe la culture de plantes medicinales, ceremoniales et alimentaires et a probablement pratiquee l’agriculture sur brulis. Ce groupe a vecu sous un climat humide, egalement plus approprie au developpement de l'horticulture. Nos resultats montrent la capacite d'adaptation des populations aux nouvelles contraintes environnementales et climatiques. Les resultats issus des analyses polliniques et de micro-charbons livrent des informations assez completes sur le paleoenvironnement, les relations Homme-climat-vegetation et l'emergence de l'impact anthropique. Pour de futures recherches, il serait necessaire d'obtenir plus de donnees sur la pluie pollinique d’un maximum de taxons, sur les exigences ecologiques des especes vegetales et les parametres climatiques actuels propre a chaque ile, afin de modeliser de facon robuste les paysages, les climats et l’influence de l’Homme sur la dynamique de vegetation passee (projet LandCover6k)
11 citations
Cites background from "Assessing resilience/sensitivity of..."
...Dans ces circonstances, le feu fragilise la végétation, la rendant plus vulnérable à des changements climatiques (Biagioni et al., 2015 ; Hope et al., 2004, for a review)....
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...Biagioni et al., 2015 ; Donders et al., 2007 ; Haberle et al., 2001 ; Lynch et al., 2007 ; Rees et al., 2015), malacologiques (Sandweiss et al., 2001), ainsi que par des études isotopiques sur des spéléothèmes (eg....
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...Les feux, 865 d’origine naturelle ou anthropique, peuvent fortement influencer la végétation et 866 son temps de résilience, la rendant plus vulnérable à des changements climatiques 867 (Biagioni et al., 2015)....
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References
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01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: The first volume of the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report as mentioned in this paper was published in 2007 and covers several topics including the extensive range of observations now available for the atmosphere and surface, changes in sea level, assesses the paleoclimatic perspective, climate change causes both natural and anthropogenic, and climate models for projections of global climate.
Abstract: This report is the first volume of the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report. It covers several topics including the extensive range of observations now available for the atmosphere and surface, changes in sea level, assesses the paleoclimatic perspective, climate change causes both natural and anthropogenic, and climate models for projections of global climate.
32,826 citations
TL;DR: A ‘silver bullet’ strategy on the part of conservation planners, focusing on ‘biodiversity hotspots’ where exceptional concentrations of endemic species are undergoing exceptional loss of habitat, is proposed.
Abstract: Conservationists are far from able to assist all species under threat, if only for lack of funding. This places a premium on priorities: how can we support the most species at the least cost? One way is to identify 'biodiversity hotspots' where exceptional concentrations of endemic species are undergoing exceptional loss of habitat. As many as 44% of all species of vascular plants and 35% of all species in four vertebrate groups are confined to 25 hotspots comprising only 1.4% of the land surface of the Earth. This opens the way for a 'silver bullet' strategy on the part of conservation planners, focusing on these hotspots in proportion to their share of the world's species at risk.
24,867 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: PAST (PAleontological STatistics) as discussed by the authors is a simple-to-use software package for executing a range of standard numerical analysis and operations used in quantitative paleontology.
Abstract: A comprehensive, but simple-to-use software package for executing a range of standard numerical analysis and operations used in quantitative paleontology has been developed. The program, called PAST (PAleontological STatistics), runs on standard Windows computers and is available free of charge. PAST integrates spreadsheet-type data entry with univariate and multivariate statistics, curve fitting, timeseries analysis, data plotting, and simple phylogenetic analysis. Many of the functions are specific to paleontology and ecology, and these functions are not found in standard, more extensive, statistical packages. PAST also includes fourteen case studies (data files and exercises) illustrating use of the program for paleontological problems, making it a complete educational package for courses in quantitative methods.
19,926 citations
"Assessing resilience/sensitivity of..." refers methods in this paper
...Rarefaction was calculated with the software PAST (Hammer et al., 2001)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas (excluding Antarctica) at a spatial resolution of 30 arc s (often referred to as 1-km spatial resolution).
Abstract: We developed interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas (excluding Antarctica) at a spatial resolution of 30 arc s (often referred to as 1-km spatial resolution). The climate elements considered were monthly precipitation and mean, minimum, and maximum temperature. Input data were gathered from a variety of sources and, where possible, were restricted to records from the 1950–2000 period. We used the thin-plate smoothing spline algorithm implemented in the ANUSPLIN package for interpolation, using latitude, longitude, and elevation as independent variables. We quantified uncertainty arising from the input data and the interpolation by mapping weather station density, elevation bias in the weather stations, and elevation variation within grid cells and through data partitioning and cross validation. Elevation bias tended to be negative (stations lower than expected) at high latitudes but positive in the tropics. Uncertainty is highest in mountainous and in poorly sampled areas. Data partitioning showed high uncertainty of the surfaces on isolated islands, e.g. in the Pacific. Aggregating the elevation and climate data to 10 arc min resolution showed an enormous variation within grid cells, illustrating the value of high-resolution surfaces. A comparison with an existing data set at 10 arc min resolution showed overall agreement, but with significant variation in some regions. A comparison with two high-resolution data sets for the United States also identified areas with large local differences, particularly in mountainous areas. Compared to previous global climatologies, ours has the following advantages: the data are at a higher spatial resolution (400 times greater or more); more weather station records were used; improved elevation data were used; and more information about spatial patterns of uncertainty in the data is available. Owing to the overall low density of available climate stations, our surfaces do not capture of all variation that may occur at a resolution of 1 km, particularly of precipitation in mountainous areas. In future work, such variation might be captured through knowledgebased methods and inclusion of additional co-variates, particularly layers obtained through remote sensing. Copyright 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
17,977 citations
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: Canoco as discussed by the authors is a software package for multivariate data analysis, with an emphasis on dimesional reduction (ordination), regression analysis, and the combination of the two, constrained ordination.
Abstract: Canoco is a software package for multivariate data analysis, with an emphasis on dimesional reduction (ordination), regression analysis, and the combination of the two, constrained ordination. Canoco makes effective and powerful ordination methods easilyt accessible for scientists wanting to infer and visualize pattern and structure in complex multivariate data, e.g. biologists researching the relations between plant and animal communities and their environment. Canoco contains linear and unimodal ordination methods, with the possibility to account for background variation specified by covariates. In combination with extensive facilities for permutation tests, these methods have proven to be remarkably effective in solving applied research problems.
7,481 citations