Assessment of crop parameters and groundwater level in a policy-implemented micro-watershed environment using geospatial technology
01 Nov 2021-Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Springer Science and Business Media LLC)-Vol. 14, Iss: 22, pp 1-21
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of Integrated Water Management Program (IWMP) activities on crop parameters (viz. coverage, health index, cropping index, and gross primary productivity) and GWL in a micro-watershed site over Hisar district, Haryana, India, using data from Landsat, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Water Resource Information System (WRIS) India during the year 1997 to 2017.
Abstract: Water conservation has been a priority action to the government and researchers across the globe due to its limited availability, uneven distribution and equal requirements to every human being. This has resulted into various actions of water management at the local (micro-watershed) as well as at the regional (large watershed) level with the goal to improve agriculture productivity, soil moisture, and groundwater level (GWL). This study was conducted to assess the impact of Integrated Water Management Program (IWMP) activities on crop parameters (viz. coverage, health index, cropping index, and gross primary productivity (GPP)) and GWL in a micro-watershed site over Hisar district, Haryana, India, using data from Landsat, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Water Resource Information System (WRIS) India during the year 1997 to 2017. Results reveal a significant change in different crop parameters and GWL post-IWMP activities. The rate of changes in crop coverage has been observed to be higher (69.41 ha/year) after the project implementation compared to the pre-project period (31.62 ha/year). Similar results have been found for vegetation condition and cropping index (CI, a newly proposed index for cropping frequency). Changes in GPP have also shown an increasing trend both in Rabi and Kharif season. GWL has changed significantly with a declining trend that may be due to the rising population and increasing demand for irrigation. The method and parameters adopted in this study may be applicable for the assessment and monitoring of similar policies across the globe in addition to the other indices.
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01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, a method has been developed for quantitative measurement of vegetation conditions over broad regions using ERTS-1 spectral bands 5 and 7, corrected for sun angle, which is shown to be correlated with aboveground green biomass on rangelands.
Abstract: The Great Plains Corridor rangeland project utilizes natural vegetation systems as phenological indicators of seasonal development and climatic effects upon regional growth conditions. A method has been developed for quantitative measurement of vegetation conditions over broad regions using ERTS-1 MSS data. Radiance values recorded in ERTS-1 spectral bands 5 and 7, corrected for sun angle, are used to compute a band ratio parameter which is shown to be correlated with aboveground green biomass on rangelands.
5,829 citations
TL;DR: The available evidence suggests that unsustainable consumption of groundwater for irrigation and other anthropogenic uses is likely to be the cause of groundwater depletion in northwest India and the consequences for the 114,000,000 residents of the region may include a reduction of agricultural output and shortages of potable water, leading to extensive socioeconomic stresses.
Abstract: Groundwater is a primary source of fresh water in many parts of the world. Some regions are becoming overly dependent on it, consuming groundwater faster than it is naturally replenished and causing water tables to decline unremittingly 1 . Indirect evidencesuggeststhatthisisthecaseinnorthwestIndia 2 ,butthere has been no regional assessment of the rate of groundwater depletion. Here we use terrestrial water storage-change observations from the NASA Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites 3 and simulated soil-water variations from a dataintegrating hydrological modelling system 4 to show that groundwater is being depleted at a mean rate of 4.0 61.0cmyr 21 equivalent height of water (17.7 64.5km 3 yr 21 ) over the Indian states
2,198 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a concept and a technique for eliminating that portion of the normalized difference vegetation index which is related to the contribution of geographic resources to the amount of vegetation is discussed. And the procedure suggests normalization of NDVI values relative to the absolute maximum and the absolute minimum of the NDVI.
Abstract: Successful application of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for estimating weather impacts on vegetation is currently hindered in non-homogeneous areas. The problem is that the differences between the level of vegetation in these areas can be related, in addition to weather impacts, to the differences in geographic resources (climate, soil, vegetation type and topography). These differences should be eliminated when weather impacts on vegetation are estimated from NDVI data. This paper discusses a concept and a technique for eliminating that portion of the NDVI which is related to the contribution of geographic resources to the amount of vegetation. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data of the Global Vegetation Index format were used for the 1984-1987 seasons in Sudan. The procedure suggests normalization of NDVI values relative to the absolute maximum and the absolute minimum of NDVI. These two criteria were shown to be an appropriate characteristic of geograp...
643 citations
TL;DR: The principles of comparative productivity and the net primary productivity of different types of plant community are discussed, which help clarify the role of waste and energy in the productivity of a plant community.
Abstract: Summary
1. This article discusses the principles of comparative productivity and the net primary productivity of different types of plant community.
2. Primary production is denned as the weight of new organic matter created by photosynthesis over a period; expressed as a rate it becomes productivity. Biomass is defined as the total weight of plant present at a particular time. Crop, yield and standing crop are comparable with production, productivity and biomass respectively, but refer to the parts of the plant normally harvested or sampled.
3. Net production is that part of the gross photosynthetic production which is not respired by the plant, and hence becomes available for utilization.
4. Ways of adjusting source data to a common form are examined at length, for meaningful comparisons are impossible if this is not done. Source data are published according to a great variety of criteria such as fresh weight, dry weight, oxygen production and carbon fixation. Standing crop or yield data need correction for omitted parts of the plant. The determination of productivity from changes in biomass may involve corrections for material accumulated from earlier periods and for losses due to death or grazing. Conversions from gross production to net production are usually required when photosynthetic determinations are made.
5. Problems raised by the use of different units are discussed and selected factors for conversions to the recommended units are listed.
6. The basis adopted for comparisons is the maximum average annual net productivity of organic (ash-free) matter that can be attained over a large area. This facilitates the comparison of the productivity of different types of community by minimizing differences due to local site conditions and weather, and is the most useful measure for general ecological purposes. For some selected examples the productivity and biomass are expressed in a variety of other ways to facilitate direct comparisons with source data.
7. Methods for determining productivity are only discussed in so far as the details affect the comparability of the results.
8. The most productive temperate communities appear to be fertile reedswamps which may produce 30–45 metric tons per hectare in a year. Coniferous forests, and perennial plants under intensive cultivation, may produce 25–40 m.t./ha. Deciduous forests, uncultivated herbs and cultivated annual plants are less productive (10–25 m.t./ha.).
9. The most productive communities of all appear to be found in the tropics. Rain forests and perennial plants under intensive cultivation may produce 50–80 m.t./ha. in a year and it is probable that swamps are similar. Cultivated annual plants only attain 25–35 m.t./ha.
10. The phytoplankton of lakes and oceans are relatively poorly productive even on fertile sites, with an annual production of only 1–9 m.t./ha. Values greater than 3 m.t./ha. are only achieved in waters enriched by man's activities, or in the tropics. Submerged freshwater macrophytes are no more productive in the temperate region but may attain 13–21 m.t./ha. in warmer climates. Benthic marine plants in shallow waters may produce more; from 25–33 m.t./ha. in the temperate zone, rising to nearly 40 m.t./ha. by tropical coral reefs. Algae cultivated in sewage can produce up to 45 m.t./ha. and algae cultivated in mineral media, with carbon dioxide supplied artificially, may produce even more.
11. If it were possible to devise cultivation techniques which would enable plants to grow all the year at the rate normally attained for only short periods in their seasonal cycle, much greater annual productivities, up to 150 m.t./ha. year, might be attained. Eichhornia crassipes might be a suitable plant for such cultivation.
12. Assuming that the soil structure is good and that ample nutrients are available there appear to be three main ways of increasing yields; irrigating, using plants which maintain an active cover throughout the year, and developing techniques to obtain valuable products from plants, or parts of plants, not directly useable.
498 citations