Assessment of Liquefaction-Induced Land Damage for Residential Christchurch

doi:10.1193/031813EQS070M

Home
/
Papers
/
Assessment of Liquefaction-Induced Land Damage for Residential Christchurch

Journal Article•DOI•

Assessment of Liquefaction-Induced Land Damage for Residential Christchurch

S. van Ballegooy, P. Malan, V. Lacrosse, M. Jacka, Misko Cubrinovski¹, Jonathan D. Bray², Thomas D. O'Rourke³, S. A. Crawford, H. Cowan⁴ - Show less +5 more•Institutions (4)

University of Canterbury¹, University of California, Berkeley², Cornell University³, Earthquake Commission⁴

01 Feb 2014-Earthquake Spectra (SAGE PublicationsSage UK: London, England)-Vol. 30, Iss: 1, pp 31-55

TL;DR: Christchurch, New Zealand, experienced four major earthquakes (Mw 5.9 to 7.1) since 4 September 2010 that triggered localized to widespread liquefaction.

read less

Abstract: Christchurch, New Zealand, experienced four major earthquakes (Mw 5.9 to 7.1) since 4 September 2010 that triggered localized to widespread liquefaction. Liquefaction caused significant damage to r...

...read moreread less

Citations

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Journal Article•DOI•

CPT-Based Liquefaction Triggering Procedure

[...]

Ross W. Boulanger¹, Izzat M. Idriss¹•Institutions (1)

University of California, Davis¹

01 Feb 2016-Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering

TL;DR: In this paper, a probabilistic cone penetration test (CPT) based liquefaction triggering procedure for cohesionless soils is derived using a maximum likelihood method with an updated case history database.

...read moreread less

Abstract: A probabilistic cone penetration test (CPT) based liquefaction triggering procedure for cohesionless soils is derived using a maximum likelihood method with an updated case history database. The liquefaction analysis framework includes revised relationships for the magnitude scaling factor (MSF) and for estimating fines contents from CPT data when laboratory test data are not available. The updated case history database and methodology for developing the liquefaction correlation are described. Measurement and estimation uncertainties, the potential effects of false positives and false negatives in the case history database, and the effects of the choice-based sampling bias in the case history database are accounted for. Sensitivity analyses showed that the position of the most likely triggering curve and the magnitude of the total error term are reasonably well constrained by the data. The sensitivity study provides reasonable bounds on the effects of different interpretations, from which probabil...

...read moreread less

287 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence: Environmental effects, seismic triggering thresholds and geologic legacy

[...]

Mark Quigley¹, Mark Quigley², Matthew W. Hughes¹, Brendon Bradley¹, Sjoerd van Ballegooy³, Catherine M. Reid¹, Justin Morgenroth¹, Travis W. Horton¹, Brendan Duffy², Brendan Duffy¹, Jarg R. Pettinga¹ - Show less +7 more•Institutions (3)

University of Canterbury¹, University of Melbourne², Wellesley College³

16 Mar 2016-Tectonophysics

TL;DR: The 2010-2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence (CES) as discussed by the authors is one of the best recorded historical earthquake sequences, including the moment magnitude (M w ) 7.1 Darfield earthquake and M w 6.2, 6.0, 5.9 and 5.8 aftershocks.

...read moreread less

106 citations

Cites background from "Assessment of Liquefaction-Induced ..."

...Lowering of surface elevations relative to water tables (van Ballegooy et al., 2014a, 2014b, 2014c) is also likely to have increased the liquefaction and flood hazard....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

System response of liquefiable deposits

[...]

Misko Cubrinovski¹, Aimee Rhodes², Nikolaos Ntritsos¹, Sjoerd van Ballegooy•Institutions (2)

University of Canterbury¹, Wellington Management Company²

01 Sep 2019-Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

TL;DR: In this paper, detailed geotechnical characterization and in-depth assessment using seismic effective stress analyses are presented for 55 liquefaction case histories (sites) from Christchurch.

...read moreread less

97 citations

Cites background from "Assessment of Liquefaction-Induced ..."

...Liquefaction damage indices, such as LSN [22] and LPI [14,15] use specific weighting functions to quantify the damage potential of liquefying layers depending on their proximity to the ground surface, but still they do not account for cross-interactions between different layers during the development of liquefaction and post-liquefaction triggering....
[...]
...It is evident from this figure that out of the 34 cases for the NN-sites (17 sites for two events), both LSN and LPI correctly predicted no occurrence or minor liquefaction for only 3 cases (9% of the cases), whereas for 31 cases (91% of the cases) liquefaction manifestation was heavily overestimated....
[...]
...21 summarizes the computed LPI and LSN values in terms of box-and whisker plots, separately for the 4SEP2010 and 22FEB2011 earthquakes, for YY-sites and NN-sites....
[...]
...Liquefaction damage indices, such as LSN [22] and LPI [14,15] use specific weighting functions to quantify the damage potential of liquefying layers depending on their proximity to the ground surface, but still they do not account for cross-interactions between different layers during the development of liquefaction and post-liquefaction triggering....
[...]
...The summary of the predictions based on simplified analyses using LSN is given in Table 5....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Insurance: Its Role in Recovery from the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence

[...]

Andrew King¹, David A.J. Middleton², Charlotte Brown³, David Johnston¹, Sarb Johal⁴ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (4)

GNS Science¹, Wellington Management Company², Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology³, Massey University⁴

01 Feb 2014-Earthquake Spectra

TL;DR: When communities are highly insured, much of that loss transfers to the insurer as discussed by the authors. But this is not the case in many natural disasters such as the 2010 and 2011 Haiti earthquakes.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Earthquakes generate loss only when assets are near enough to be significantly shaken. When communities are highly insured, much of that loss transfers to the insurer. Many events in the 2010–2011 ...

...read moreread less

62 citations

Cites background from "Assessment of Liquefaction-Induced ..."

...…across Christchurch, but with the reclassification of liquefaction susceptibility and the formulation of the foundation classification maps (van Ballegooy et al. 2014), relaxed this prohibition initially to permit building in the TC1 (low susceptibility) zone (February 2012) with restrictions…...
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Addressing limitations in existing ‘simplified’ liquefaction triggering evaluation procedures: application to induced seismicity in the Groningen gas field

[...]

Russell A. Green¹, Julian J. Bommer², Adrian Rodriguez-Marek¹, Brett W. Maurer³, Peter J. Stafford², Benjamin Edwards⁴, Pauline P. Kruiver, G. de Lange, J. van Elk - Show less +5 more•Institutions (4)

Virginia Tech¹, Imperial College London², University of Washington³, University of Liverpool⁴

01 Aug 2019-Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a framework for evaluating the liquefaction potential of the region for moment magnitudes ranging from 3.5 to 7.0 in the Groningen field.

...read moreread less

Abstract: The Groningen gas field is one of the largest in the world and has produced over 2000 billion m3 of natural gas since the start of production in 1963. The first earthquakes linked to gas production in the Groningen field occurred in 1991, with the largest event to date being a local magnitude (ML) 3.6. As a result, the field operator is leading an effort to quantify the seismic hazard and risk resulting from the gas production operations, including the assessment of liquefaction hazard. However, due to the unique characteristics of both the seismic hazard and the geological subsurface, particularly the unconsolidated sediments, direct application of existing liquefaction evaluation procedures is deemed inappropriate in Groningen. Specifically, the depth-stress reduction factor (rd) and the magnitude scaling factor relationships inherent to existing variants of the simplified liquefaction evaluation procedure are considered unsuitable for use. Accordingly, efforts have first focused on developing a framework for evaluating the liquefaction potential of the region for moment magnitudes (M) ranging from 3.5 to 7.0. The limitations of existing liquefaction procedures for use in Groningen and the path being followed to overcome these shortcomings are presented in detail herein.

...read moreread less

50 citations

1
2
3
4
…
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Collapse

References

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Journal Article•DOI•

Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential

[...]

H. Bolton Seed¹, Izzat M. Idriss¹•Institutions (1)

University of California, Berkeley¹

01 Sep 1971-Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division

TL;DR: Significant factors affecting the liquefaction (or cyclic mobility) potential of sands during earthquakes are identified, and a simplified procedure for evaluating the potential of sand during earthquakes is presented as mentioned in this paper.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Significant factors affecting the liquefaction (or cyclic mobility) potential of sands during earthquakes are identified, and a simplified procedure for evaluating liquefaction potential which will take these factors into account is presented Available field data concerning the liquefaction or nonliquefaction behavior of sands during earthquakes is assembled and compared with evaluations of performance using the simplified procedure It is suggested that even the limited available field data can provide a useful guide to the probable performance of other sand deposits, that the proposed method of presenting the data provides a useful framework for evaluating past experiences of sand liquefaction during earthquakes and that the simplified evaluation procedure provides a reasonably good means for extending previous field observations to new situations When greater accuracy is justified, the simplified liquefaction evaluation procedure can readily be supplemented by test data on particular soils or by ground response analyses to provide more definitive evaluations

...read moreread less

2,250 citations

"Assessment of Liquefaction-Induced ..." refers methods in this paper

...Three CPT-based liquefaction triggering methods were considered, all of which have evolved from the Seed and Idriss (1971) simplified method that compares Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR) to Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) to provide a factor of safety (FS)....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Liquefaction Resistance of Soils: Summary Report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF Workshops on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils

[...]

T. L. Youd, Izzat M. Idriss

01 Oct 2001-Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering

TL;DR: In 1996, a workshop sponsored by the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER) was convened by Professors T. L. Youd and I. M. Idriss with 20 experts to review developments over the previous 10 years as mentioned in this paper.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Following disastrous earthquakes in Alaska and in Niigata, Japan in 1964, Professors H. B. Seed and I. M. Idriss developed and published a methodology termed the ''simplified procedure'' for evaluating liquefaction resistance of soils. This procedure has become a standard of practice throughout North America and much of the world. The methodology which is largely empirical, has evolved over years, primarily through summary papers by H. B. Seed and his colleagues. No general review or update of the procedure has occurred, however, since 1985, the time of the last major paper by Professor Seed and a report from a National Research Council workshop on liquefaction of soils. In 1996 a workshop sponsored by the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER) was convened by Professors T. L. Youd and I. M. Idriss with 20 experts to review developments over the previous 10 years. The purpose was to gain consensus on updates and augmen- tations to the simplified procedure. The following topics were reviewed and recommendations developed: (1) criteria based on standard penetration tests; (2) criteria based on cone penetration tests; (3) criteria based on shear-wave velocity measurements; (4) use of the Becker penetration test for gravelly soil; (4) magnitude scaling factors; (5) correction factors for overburden pressures and sloping ground; and (6) input values for earthquake magnitude and peak acceleration. Probabilistic and seismic energy analyses were reviewed but no recommen- dations were formulated.

...read moreread less

1,766 citations

"Assessment of Liquefaction-Induced ..." refers methods in this paper

...The methods considered were: Robertson and Wride (1998) with additional recommendations in Youd et al. (2001), Seed et al. (2003) as presented in Moss et al. (2006), and Idriss and Boulanger (2008)....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Evaluating cyclic liquefaction potential using the cone penetration test

[...]

Peter K. Robertson, CE (Fear) Wride

01 Jun 1998-Canadian Geotechnical Journal

TL;DR: In this article, the phenomena of soil liquefaction are described, and suitable definitions and definitions are provided for these phenomena are reviewed and an update of the existing definitions is provided.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Soil liquefaction is a major concern for structures constructed with or on sandy soils. This paper describes the phenomena of soil liquefaction, reviews suitable definitions, and provides an update...

...read moreread less

1,008 citations

"Assessment of Liquefaction-Induced ..." refers methods in this paper

...Because 11,500 of CPT soundings required analysis, an automated procedure was utilized wherein the apparent fines content calculated in accordance with Robertson and Wride (1998) was utilized to estimate the fines content of the soils....
[...]
...The methods considered were: Robertson and Wride (1998) with additional recommendations in Youd et al. (2001), Seed et al. (2003) as presented in Moss et al. (2006), and Idriss and Boulanger (2008)....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Automatic and Precise Orthorectification, Coregistration, and Subpixel Correlation of Satellite Images, Application to Ground Deformation Measurements

[...]

Sebastien Leprince¹, Sylvain Barbot¹, Francois Ayoub¹, Jean Philippe Avouac¹•Institutions (1)

California Institute of Technology¹

29 May 2007-IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing

TL;DR: The proposed technique would also allow precise coregistration of images for the measurement of surface displacements due to ice-flow or geomorphic processes, or for any other change detection applications.

...read moreread less

Abstract: We describe a procedure to accurately measure ground deformations from optical satellite images. Precise orthorectification is obtained owing to an optimized model of the imaging system, where look directions are linearly corrected to compensate for attitude drifts, and sensor orientation uncertainties are accounted for. We introduce a new computation of the inverse projection matrices for which a rigorous resampling is proposed. The irregular resampling problem is explicitly addressed to avoid introducing aliasing in the ortho-rectified images. Image registration and correlation is achieved with a new iterative unbiased processor that estimates the phase plane in the Fourier domain for subpixel shift detection. Without using supplementary data, raw images are wrapped onto the digital elevation model and coregistered with a 1/50 pixel accuracy. The procedure applies to images from any pushbroom imaging system. We analyze its performance using Satellite pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) images in the case of a null test (no coseismic deformation) and in the case of large coseismic deformations due to the Mw 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake of 1999. The proposed technique would also allow precise coregistration of images for the measurement of surface displacements due to ice-flow or geomorphic processes, or for any other change detection applications. A complete software package, the Coregistration of Optically Sensed Images and Correlation, is available for download from the Caltech Tectonics Observatory website

...read moreread less

777 citations

"Assessment of Liquefaction-Induced ..." refers background or methods in this paper

...(2003) as presented in Moss et al. (2006), and Idriss and Boulanger (2008)....
[...]
...…were used to create digital elevation models before and after each of the four main earthquakes, and a pattern-matching image co-registration process was applied to estimate the horizontal ground movements on a 4 m-grid after each earthquake (Leprince et al. 2007, Bowen et al. 2012)....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Evaluation of settlements in sand deposits following liquefaction during earthquakes

[...]

Kenji Ishihara¹, Mitsutoshi Yoshimine¹•Institutions (1)

University of Tokyo¹

15 Mar 1992-Soils and Foundations

TL;DR: In this article, a family of curves was established in which the volumetric strain resulting from dissipation of pore water pressures is correlated with the density of sand and conventionally used factor of safety against liquefaction.

...read moreread less

517 citations

"Assessment of Liquefaction-Induced ..." refers background or methods in this paper

...…land damage using volumetric strains (adopted in conventional settlement calculations, e.g., Zhang et al. 2002, which is a CPT-based method extending the work of Ishihara and Yoshimine 1992) in conjunction with depth weighting by a hyperbolic function (1∕z) rather than a linear reduction....
[...]
...In the Zhang et al. (2002) and Ishihara and Yoshimine (1992) volumetric strain relationships embedded in LSN, a limiting volumetric strain is eventually reached, which is a function of the soil relative density and not a function of the seismic demand....
[...]
...Both the Ishihara and Yoshimine (1992) and Zhang et al. (2002) volumetric densification methods were assessed in this study....
[...]