Assessment of terrestrial gamma radiation dose rate (TGRD) of Kelantan State, Malaysia: Relationship between the geological formation and soil type to radiation dose rate
08 Jun 2014-Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry (Springer Netherlands)-Vol. 302, Iss: 1, pp 201-209
TL;DR: The distribution of these measurements in various districts of the state showed the statistically the influence of geology and soil types on the dose rate values as mentioned in this paper, which could be used in formulating safety standard and radiological guidelines.
Abstract: Terrestrial gamma radiation dose rates (TGRD) of Kelantan State were measured in situ using a portable [NaI(TI)] micro roentgen (µR) survey meter. The TGRD rates ranged between 44 and 500 nGy h−1 with a mean value of 209 ± 8 nGy h−1. The distribution of these measurements in various districts of the state shows the statistically the influence of geology and soil types on the dose rate values. The data obtained could be used in formulating safety standard and radiological guidelines.
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TL;DR: Measurement of terrestrial gamma radiation dose rates in Terengganu state, Malaysia was carried out from 145 different locations using NaI[Tl] micro roentgen survey meter and the data obtained were used in constructing the gamma isodose map which shows the distribution of TGRD rates across the state.
Abstract: Measurement of terrestrial gamma radiation dose (TGRD) rates in Terengganu state, Malaysia was carried out from 145 different locations using NaI[Tl] micro roentgen survey meter. The measured TGRD rates ranged from 35 to 340 nGy h−1 with mean value of 150 nGy h−1. The annual effective dose to population was found to be 0.92 mSv y−1. The data obtained were used in constructing the gamma isodose map using ArcGis 9.3 which shows the distribution of TGRD rates across the state.
22 citations
TL;DR: The methodology of the radon risk assessment showed that the distribution of soil gas RC and radon-prone areas were closely related to geologic distribution of uranium (238U) and local lithology.
Abstract: In order to identify radon-prone areas and evaluate radon risk level, a soil gas radon survey combined with gamma-ray spectrometry measurements was carried out in Shenzhen City, south China. Meanwhile, the statistical analysis was applied to evaluate the distribution of measured results. This paper presents the methodology of the radon risk assessment. A radon risk map was accomplished based on a combination of soil gas radon concentration (RC), soil air permeability (Perm.) and uranium (238U) concentration. The results showed that the distribution of soil gas RC and radon-prone areas were closely related to geologic distribution of uranium (238U) and local lithology.
18 citations
TL;DR: Radiological effects due to external and internal exposure to natural radiation associated with the natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in soil of Kelantan, Malaysia was carried out as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Radiological effects due to external and internal exposure to natural radiation associated with the natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in soil of Kelantan, Malaysia was carried out...
12 citations
Cites background or methods from "Assessment of terrestrial gamma rad..."
...(2) and (3) with the dose coefficient (0.7 Sv Gy¡1) and occupancy factor (0.2) for outdoors and (0.8) for indoors as explained in the work of Garba et al. 2015....
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...A mean TGRD value of 209 nGy h¡1 was reported for the state of Kelantan with a range between 44 and 500 nGy h¡1 as shown in Table 1 above (Garba et al. 2014)....
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...The TGRD rates in each district of Kelantan State, Malaysia (Garba et al. 2014)....
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...© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Recently Garba et al. (2014) reported the terrestrial gamma radiation dose rate (TGRD) of Kelantan state based on geological formations and soil types of the area in which they reported a high TGRD mean value of 209 nGy h¡1, and they recommended further studies to determine the naturally occurring radionuclides present in the environment that may likely be responsible for the reported high mean TGRD value in the area....
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...Geological formations of Kelantan, Malaysia (Garba et al. 2014; DGGS 1982)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the variation of background radiation with respect to geological formations of Terengganu (Malaysia) and assessed the potential health hazards that are associated with the chronic exposure to natural radiation in the area.
Abstract: Measurement of terrestrial gamma radiation dose (TGRD) rate and activity concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides in environmental media such as soil and air play an important role in the setting national average permissible doses to members of public. Malaysia is planning to add nuclear energy to its national electricity grid; hence the knowledge of the levels of exposure to natural background radioactivity is important for policies and law making with regards to radiological protection of both human and the environment. The aim of this work was to measure the variation of background radiation with respect to geological formations of Terengganu (Malaysia) and assess the potential health hazards that are associated with the chronic exposure to natural radiation in the area. Ludlum 19 micro survey meters with NaI[Tl] detectors and HPGe gamma ray spectrometer were used for in situ TGRD and laboratory analysis, respectively. The measured TGRD rates ranged from 35 to 340 nGy h−1 with mean value of 150 nGy h−1 and the annual effective dose to population was 0.92 mSv year−1. The mean (range) activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in the soil samples were 79 ± 3 (20 ± 1–151 ± 5) Bq kg−1; 84 ± 3 (8 ± 1–182 ± 6) Bq kg−1; and 545 ± 55 (47 ± 5–1056 ± 107) Bq kg−1, respectively. Upon comparing these values with the world averages for specific activities of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K (i.e. 33, 36 and 474 Bq kg−1 for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K respectively), It is revealed that the mean activity concentrations of 226Ra and 232Th in the soil of Terengganu are higher than the world averages by a factor of two. The mean activity concentration of 40K in the soil of Terengganu is ~15 % higher than the world average. Acid intrusive geological formation (due to the granite composition from igneous rocks), which is the most dominant in the state was found to contained higher mean TGRD values as well as 226Ra and 232Th concentration this was consistent with some previous studies.
10 citations
Cites background from "Assessment of terrestrial gamma rad..."
...…have been conducted to measure the terrestrial natural radiation and radioactivity and assess the corresponding health implications Gabdo et al. (2014), Garba et al. (2014), Ramli (1997), Ramli et al. (2001), Ramli et al. (2003), Ramli et al. (2005), Ramli et al. (2009), Saleh et al. (2013c)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the results indicated that there exists a strong significant difference as a result of varying soil types and geological formations, and the results were used in production of digital map (using ArcGIS 10.2) for isodose to characterize exposure rates caused by gamma radiation in Jordan.
9 citations
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Book•
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a detailed analysis of the effect of different types of detectors on the performance of the detection of neutrons and their effect on the detection efficiency and error prediction.
Abstract: Chapter 1 Radiation Sources. I. Units And Definitions. II. Fast Electron Sources. III. Heavy Charged Particle Sources. IV. Sources Of Electromagnetic Radiation. V. Neutron Sources. Chapter 2 Radiation Interactions. I. Interaction Of Heavy Charged Particles. II. Interaction Of Fast Electrons. III. Interaction Of Gamma Rays. IV. Interaction Of Neutrons. V. Radiation Exposure And Dose. Chapter 3 Counting Statistics And Error Prediction. I. Characterization Of Data. II. Statistical Models. III. Applications Of Statistical Models. IV. Error Propagation. V. Optimization Of Counting Experiments. VI. Limits Of Detectability. VII. Distribution Of Time Intervals. Chapter 4 General Properties Of Radiation Detectors. I. Simplified Detector Model. II. Modes Of Detector Operation. III. Pulse Height Spectra. IV. Counting Curves And Plateaus. V. Energy Resolution. VI. Detection Efficiency. VII. Dead Time. Chapter 5 Ionization Chambers. I. The Ionization Process In Gases. II. Charge Migration And Collection. III. Design And Operation Of Dc Ion Chambers. IV. Radiation Dose Measurement With Ion Chambers. V. Applications Of Dc Ion Chambers. VI. Pulse Mode Operation. Chapter 6 Proportional Counters. I. Gas Multiplication. II. Design Features Of Proportional Counters. III. Proportional Counter Performance. IV. Detection Efficiency And Counting Curves. V. Variants Of The Proportional Counter Design. VI. Micropattern Gas Detectors. Chapter 7 Geiger-Mueller Counters. I. The Geiger Discharge. II. Fill Gases. III. Quenching. IV. Time Behavior. V. The Geiger Counting Plateau. VI. Design Features. VII. Counting Efficiency. VIII. Time-To-First-Count Method. IX. G-M Survey Meters. Chapter 8 Scintillation Detector Principles. I. Organic Scintillators. II. Inorganic Scintillators. III. Light Collection And Scintillator Mounting. Chapter 9 Photomultiplier Tubes And Photodiodes. I. Introduction. II. The Photocathode. III. Electron Multiplication. IV. Photomultiplier Tube Characteristics. V. Ancillary Equipment Required With Photomultiplier Tubes. VI. Photodiodes As Substitutes For Photomultiplier Tubes. VII. Scintillation Pulse Shape Analysis. VIII. Hybrid Photomultiplier Tubes. IX. Position-Sensing Photomultiplier Tubes. X. Photoionization Detectors. Chapter 10 Radiation Spectroscopy With Scintillators. I. General Considerations In Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy. II. Gamma-Ray Interactions. III. Predicted Response Functions. IV. Properties Of Scintillation Gamma-Ray Spectrometers. V. Response Of Scintillation Detectors To Neutrons. VI. Electron Spectroscopy With Scintillators. VII. Specialized Detector Configurations Based On Scintillation. Chapter 11 Semiconductor Diode Detectors. I. Semiconductor Properties. II. The Action Of Ionizing Radiation In Semiconductors. III. Semiconductors As Radiation Detectors. IV. Semiconductor Detector Configurations. V. Operational Characteristics. VI. Applications Of Silicon Diode Detectors. Chapter 12 Germanium Gamma-Ray Detectors. I. General Considerations. II. Configurations Of Germanium Detectors. III. Germanium Detector Operational Characteristics. IV. Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy With Germanium Detectors. Chapter 13 Other Solid-State Detectors. I. Lithium-Drifted Silicon Detectors. II. Semiconductor Materials Other Than Silicon Or Germanium. III. Avalanche Detectors. IV. Photoconductive Detectors. V. Position-Sensitive Semiconductor Detectors. Chapter 14 Slow Neutron Detection Methods. I. Nuclear Reactions Of Interest In Neutron Detection. II. Detectors Based On The Boron Reaction. III. Detectors Based On Other Conversion Reactions. IV. Reactor Instrumentation. Chapter 15 Fast Neutron Detection And Spectroscopy. I. Counters Based On Neutron Moderation. II. Detectors Based On Fast Neutron-Induced Reactions. III. Detectors That Utilize Fast Neutron Scattering. Chapter 16 Pulse Processing. I. Overview Of Pulse Processing. II. Device Impedances. III. Coaxial Cables. IV. Linear And Logic Pulses. V. Instrument Standards. VI. Summary Of Pulse-Processing Units. VII. Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICS). VIII. Components Common To Many Applications. Chapter 17 Pulse Shaping, Counting, And Timing. I. Pulse Shaping. II. Pulse Counting Systems. III. Pulse Height Analysis Systems. IV. Digital Pulse Processing. V. Systems Involving Pulse Timing. VI. Pulse Shape Discrimination. Chapter 18 Multichannel Pulse Analysis. I. Single-Channel Methods. II. General Multichannel Characteristics. III. The Multichannel Analyzer. IV. Spectrum Stabilization And Relocation. V. Spectrum Analysis. Chapter 19 Miscellaneous Detector Types. I. Cherenkov Detectors. II. Gas-Filled Detectors In Self-Quenched Streamer Mode. III. High-Pressure Xenon Spectrometers. IV. Liquid Ionization And Proportional Counters. V. Cryogenic Detectors. VI. Photographic Emulsions. VII. Thermoluminescent Dosimeters And Image Plates. VIII. Track-Etch Detectors. IX. Superheated Drop Or "Bubble Detectors". X. Neutron Detection By Activation. XI. Detection Methods Based On Integrated Circuit Components. Chapter 20 Background And Detector Shielding. I. Sources Of Background. II. Background In Gamma-Ray Spectra. III. Background In Other Detectors. IV. Shielding Materials. V. Active Methods Of Background Reduction. Appendix A The NIM, CAMAC, And VME Instrumentation Standards. Appendix B Derivation Of The Expression For Sample Variance In Chapter 3. Appendix C Statistical Behavior Of Counting Data For Variable Mean Value. Appendix D The Shockley-Ramo Theorem For Induced Charge.
8,458 citations
"Assessment of terrestrial gamma rad..." refers background in this paper
...2 MeV [27] which cover majority of the emitted gamma radiation from terrestrial sources [12, 15, 19]....
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...The instruments used has a linear responds to gamma radiations between 0.4 keV and 1.2 MeV [27] which cover majority of the emitted gamma radiation from terrestrial sources [12, 15, 19]....
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01 Jul 1959
TL;DR: Recommendations are presented which represent concepts and practices evolved from recent discussions at formal and informal meetings of the Commission and its Committees.
Abstract: The International Commission on Radiological Protection has been functioning since 1928 when it was established, under the name of International X- ray and Radium Protection Commission, by the Second International Congress of Radiology held in Stockholm, Sweden. It assumed the present name and organizational form in 1950 in order to cover more effectively the rapidly expanding field of radiation protection. Recommendations are presented which represent concepts and practices evolved from recent discussions at formal and informal meetings of the Commission and its Committees. (auth)
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Journal Article•
5,934 citations