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Journal ArticleDOI

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and adverse health outcomes

01 Mar 2013-Clinical Psychology Review (Clin Psychol Rev)-Vol. 33, Iss: 2, pp 215-228
TL;DR: The current state of knowledge on health-related impairments of ADHD, including smoking, drug abuse, accidental injury, sleep, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and suicidal behavior, is reviewed, suggesting the need for new avenues of research on mechanisms of association.
About: This article is published in Clinical Psychology Review.The article was published on 2013-03-01 and is currently open access. It has received 319 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder & Poison control.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The aspects of dopamine as a catecholaminergic neurotransmitter and dopamine signaling pathways elicited through dopamine receptor activation in normal brain function are summarized and the potential involvement of these signaling pathways in evoking the onset and progression of some diseases in the nervous system are described.
Abstract: The dopaminergic system plays important roles in neuromodulation, such as motor control, motivation, reward, cognitive function, maternal, and reproductive behaviors. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, synthesized in both central nervous system and the periphery, that exerts its actions upon binding to G protein-coupled receptors. Dopamine receptors are widely expressed in the body and function in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. Dopaminergic signaling pathways are crucial to the maintenance of physiological processes and an unbalanced activity may lead to dysfunctions that are related to neurodegenerative diseases. Unveiling the neurobiology and the molecular mechanisms that underlie these illnesses may contribute to the development of new therapies that could promote a better quality of life for patients worldwide. In this review, we summarize the aspects of dopamine as a catecholaminergic neurotransmitter and discuss dopamine signaling pathways elicited through dopamine receptor activation in normal brain function. Furthermore, we describe the potential involvement of these signaling pathways in evoking the onset and progression of some diseases in the nervous system, such as Parkinson’s, Schizophrenia, Huntington’s, Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder, and Addiction. A brief description of new dopaminergic drugs recently approved and under development treatments for these ailments is also provided.

429 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...2009; Nigg 2013)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: As reproductive health and the management of infectious diseases improves in LMICs, the proportion of disease burden in children and youth attributable to mental and substance use disorders will increase, necessitating a realignment of health services in these countries.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Mental and substance use disorders are common and often persistent, with many emerging in early life. Compared to adult mental and substance use disorders, the global burden attributable to these disorders in children and youth has received relatively little attention. METHOD: Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 was used to investigate the burden of mental and substance disorders in children and youth aged 0-24 years. Burden was estimated in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), derived from the sum of years lived with disability (YLDs) and years of life lost (YLLs). RESULTS: Globally, mental and substance use disorders are the leading cause of disability in children and youth, accounting for a quarter of all YLDs (54.2 million). In terms of DALYs, they ranked 6th with 55.5 million DALYs (5.7%) and rose to 5th when mortality burden of suicide was reattributed. While mental and substance use disorders were the leading cause of DALYs in high-income countries (HICs), they ranked 7th in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to mortality attributable to infectious diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Mental and substance use disorders are significant contributors to disease burden in children and youth across the globe. As reproductive health and the management of infectious diseases improves in LMICs, the proportion of disease burden in children and youth attributable to mental and substance use disorders will increase, necessitating a realignment of health services in these countries. Language: en

423 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted a systematic review examining all the available evidence linking ADHD and conduct disorder with a range of health and psychosocial outcomes including academic achievement (e.g., failure to complete high school; odds ratio [OR] = 3.7, 95% CIs 2.0−7.9).
Abstract: Objective Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) are common externalizing disorders. Despite previous research demonstrating that both are longitudinally associated with adverse outcomes, there have been no systematic reviews examining all of the available evidence linking ADHD and CD with a range of health and psychosocial outcomes. Method Electronic databases (EMBASE, Medline, and PsycINFO) were searched for studies published from 1980 up to March 2015. Published cohort and case-control studies were included if they reported a longitudinal association between ADHD or CD and adverse outcomes with a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Outcomes with sufficient data were pooled in a random effects meta-analysis to give overall odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% CIs. Results Of the 278 studies assessed, 114 met inclusion criteria and 98 were used in subsequent meta-analyses. ADHD was associated with adverse outcomes including academic achievement (e.g. failure to complete high school; odds ratio [OR] = 3.7, 95% CIs 2.0−7.0), other mental and substance use disorders (e.g. depression; OR = 2.3, 1.5−3.7), criminality (e.g. arrest; OR = 2.4, 1.5−3.8), and employment (e.g., unemployment; OR = 2.0, 1.0−3.9). CD was associated with outcomes relating to academic achievement (e.g. failure to complete high school; OR = 2.7, 1.5−4.7), other mental and substance use disorders (e.g., illicit drug use; OR = 2.1, 1.7−2.6), and criminality (e.g. violence; OR = 3.5, 2.3−5.3). Conclusion This study demonstrated that ADHD and CD are associated with disability beyond immediate health loss. Although the analyses could not determine the mechanisms behind these longitudinal associations, they demonstrate the importance of addressing ADHD and CD early in life so as to potentially avert a wide range of future adverse outcomes.

316 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010) is the first to include conduct disorder (CD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for burden quantification, and the global burden of CD and ADHD is significant, particularly in male children.
Abstract: ObjectiveThe Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010) is the first to include conduct disorder (CD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for burden quantification.

161 citations


Cites background from "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity dis..."

  • ...Robust evidence demonstrates that ADHD in school-age children significantly predicts worse educational, occupational, economic and social outcomes in midadulthood as well as a variety of comorbid conditions (Barkley & Fischer, 2010; Klein et al., 2012; Nigg, 2013)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-year longitudinal study of an ADHD case-control sample of 313 children aged 7-11 and a national survey study of 45,309 families in the United States using the 2012 National Survey of Children's Health was presented to provide critical additional data for the meta-analysis.

149 citations


Cites background from "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity dis..."

  • ...Also in adolescence, girls’ and boys’ outcomes begin to diverge, congruent with wider gender differences in risk for psychopathology related to depression, mood disorders, substance use onset, risky sexual behavior, and delinquency (Nigg, 2013)....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings suggest that geographic location plays a limited role in the reasons for the large variability of ADHD/HD prevalence estimates worldwide and that this variability seems to be explained primarily by the methodological characteristics of studies.
Abstract: Objective: The worldwide prevalence estimates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)/hyperkinetic disorder (HD) are highly heterogeneous. Presently, the reasons for this discrepancy remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible causes of the varied worldwide estimates of the disorder and to compute its worldwide-pooled prevalence. Method: The authors searched MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases from January 1978 to December 2005 and reviewed textbooks and reference lists of the studies selected. Authors of relevant articles from North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East and ADHD/HD experts were contacted. Surveys were included if they reported point prevalence of ADHD/HD for subjects 18 years of age or younger from the general population or schools according to DSM or ICD criteria. Results: The literature search generated 9,105 records, and 303 full-text articles were reviewed. One hundred and two studies comprising 171,756 ...

4,712 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
10 Sep 1997-JAMA
TL;DR: Family and school contexts as well as individual characteristics are associated with health and risky behaviors in adolescents, and the results should assist health and social service providers, educators, and others in taking the first steps to diminish risk factors and enhance protective factors for young people.
Abstract: Context. —The main threats to adolescents' health are the risk behaviors they choose. How their social context shapes their behaviors is poorly understood. Objective. —To identify risk and protective factors at the family, school, and individual levels as they relate to 4 domains of adolescent health and morbidity: emotional health, violence, substance use, and sexuality. Design. —Cross-sectional analysis of interview data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Participants. —A total of 12118 adolescents in grades 7 through 12 drawn from an initial national school survey of 90118 adolescents from 80 high schools plus their feeder middle schools. Setting. —The interview was completed in the subject's home. Main Outcome Measures. —Eight areas were assessed: emotional distress; suicidal thoughts and behaviors; violence; use of 3 substances (cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana); and 2 types of sexual behaviors (age of sexual debut and pregnancy history). Independent variables included measures of family context, school context, and individual characteristics. Results. —Parent-family connectedness and perceived school connectedness were protective against every health risk behavior measure except history of pregnancy. Conversely, ease of access to guns at home was associated with suicidality (grades 9-12: P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Conclusions. —Family and school contexts as well as individual characteristics are associated with health and risky behaviors in adolescents. The results should assist health and social service providers, educators, and others in taking the first steps to diminish risk factors and enhance protective factors for our young people.

3,856 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Difficulties with EF appear to be one important component of the complex neuropsychology of ADHD, and moderate effect sizes and lack of universality of EF deficits among individuals with ADHD suggest that EF weaknesses are neither necessary nor sufficient to cause all cases of ADHD.

3,155 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This practice parameter describes the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) based on the current scientific evidence and clinical consensus of experts in the field.
Abstract: This practice parameter describes the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) based on the current scientific evidence and clinical consensus of experts in the field. This parameter discusses the clinical evaluation for ADHD, comorbid conditions associated with ADHD, research on the etiology of the disorder, and psychopharmacological and psychosocial interventions for ADHD. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2007;46(7):894Y921. Key Words: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, evaluation, treatment, practice parameter.

1,561 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
29 Jul 1999-Nature
TL;DR: It is found that those who received aerobic training showed substantial improvements in performance on tasks requiring executive control compared with anaerobically trained subjects.
Abstract: In the ageing process, neural areas1,2 and cognitive processes3,4 do not degrade uniformly. Executive control processes and the prefrontal and frontal brain regions that support them show large and disproportionate changes with age. Studies of adult animals indicate that metabolic5 and neurochemical6 functions improve with aerobic fitness. We therefore investigated whether greater aerobic fitness in adults would result in selective improvements in executive control processes, such as planning, scheduling, inhibition and working memory. Over a period of six months, we studied 124 previously sedentary adults, 60 to 75 years old, who were randomly assigned to either aerobic (walking) or anaerobic (stretching and toning) exercise. We found that those who received aerobic training showed substantial improvements in performance on tasks requiring executive control compared with anaerobically trained subjects.

1,340 citations

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