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Journal ArticleDOI

Automatic reconstruction of as-built building information models from laser-scanned point clouds: A review of related techniques

TL;DR: This article surveys techniques developed in civil engineering and computer science that can be utilized to automate the process of creating as-built BIMs and outlines the main methods used by these algorithms for representing knowledge about shape, identity, and relationships.
About: This article is published in Automation in Construction.The article was published on 2010-11-01. It has received 789 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Information model & Computer Aided Design.
Citations
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Nov 2019
TL;DR: This paper analyzes the existing evaluation methods for the point cloud quality and a new discussion regarding their applicability to aerial photographs is opened.
Abstract: One problem in 3D reconstruction from aerial photographs is the evaluation of the point clouds quality. For point clouds, in general, different authors evaluate their results in different ways. This paper analyzes the existing evaluation methods for the point cloud quality and a new discussion regarding their applicability to aerial photographs is opened. Some of these methods are chosen based on practical issues and applied to a pair of reconstructions. The principal conclusion is that objective methods are the most interesting in photogrammetry applications, particularly the comparison between two point clouds.

5 citations


Cites background from "Automatic reconstruction of as-buil..."

  • ...Point clouds, through artificial intelligence algorithms [5] or new descriptors [6]–[8]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, point clouds have reality measurements of physical objects, and they are often used to reconstruct the as-built three-dimensional (3D) model of building construction sites through a mod...
Abstract: Because point clouds have reality measurements of physical objects, they are often used to reconstruct the as-built three-dimensional (3D) model of building construction sites through a mod...

5 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a multi-looking oblique view airborne laser scanning (ALS) is used to create point clouds with a nearly complete 3D coverage of a larger area, which allows the extraction of facade information.
Abstract: . With multi-looking oblique view airborne laser scanning (ALS) it is possible to create point clouds with a nearly complete 3D coverage of a larger area. This allows, in contrast to nadir view ALS, the extraction of facade information. This paper concentrates on the reconstruction of windows. Because of the limited point density, received from oblique view ALS, the approach aims at the reconstruction of rectangular windows from sparse point clouds (

5 citations

Book ChapterDOI
19 Jul 2020
TL;DR: An extension of a previous automated method to detect steel elements to identify and measure deformations and a visualization tool that shows the quality of an existing building’s structural elements directly in the 3D point cloud are proposed.
Abstract: The use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a growing reality in the civil industry. Merging 3D geometric information with engineering data, the BIM model combines geometry, spatial relationships, and other properties used at all stages of the building’s life cycle. With the need to apply such methodology to existing buildings, researchers have focused on how to automatically generate or update such models from 3D point clouds provided by laser scanning sensors or photogrammetry methods. Most of this research has focused on the recognition of either planar (e.g., floor, walls) or cylindrical (e.g., piping) structures. Few works have dealt with the detection of steel structural elements, due to its particular shape, and only recently focused on detecting their geometric specifications. However, in these approaches, the point cloud of each structural element was manually separated from the point cloud of the entire building. This situation creates a challenge since the manual segmentation of a point cloud is a long and subjective process. In addition to geometric information, recent research has focused on automatically detecting anomalies in structures. Such information, incorporated into the BIM model, allows the structural element to be evaluated using structural analysis applications. The availability of the results of this analysis to BIM professionals is essential for the correct planning of possible interventions. Unfortunately, open-source BIM model visualization tools restrict their functionalities to design review and construction analysis. In this work, we propose an extension of a previous automated method to detect steel elements to identify and measure deformations and a visualization tool that shows the quality of an existing building’s structural elements directly in the 3D point cloud. With the results of deformation detection, we compute the quality level of structural elements and present it directly in the 3D view of the building, preserving its spatial context, with the use of colors and annotations.

5 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An integrated framework for smart FM to improve decision-making, capitalizing on the ICT applications is provided and can assist the decision-makers to have comprehensive information about facilities and systematize the communication among stakeholders.
Abstract: Current facility management (FM) practices are inefficient and ineffective, partially because of missing information and communication issues. Information and communications technologies (ICT) are asserted to provide a promising solution for managing and operating facilities. However, the impact of ICT applications on current FM practices needs to be validated and the perception of FM professionals on ICT-based FM needs to be understood. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the impacts and the perception of ICT application on FM practice and further develop an ICT-based integrated framework for smart FM practices.,To achieve the objective, the research starts with reviewing several promising ICT for FM, including building information modeling, geographic information systems, unmanned aerial vehicle and augmented reality. On this basis, a conceptional framework was synthesized in consideration of the benefits of each technology. A survey questionnaire to FM professionals was conducted to evaluate the proposed framework and identify the challenges of adopting ICT in the FM industry. Furthermore, return on investment and strength, weakness, opportunities and threats analysis have been used in this paper as evaluation methods for ICT industry adoption.,The survey results are validated by FM professionals for the future engagement of the integrated ICT applications. Also, the proposed framework can assist the decision-makers to have comprehensive information about facilities and systematize the communication among stakeholders.,This research provides an integrated framework for smart FM to improve decision-making, capitalizing on the ICT applications. Apart from this, the study sheds light on future research endeavors for other ICT applications.

5 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: New results are derived on the minimum number of landmarks needed to obtain a solution, and algorithms are presented for computing these minimum-landmark solutions in closed form that provide the basis for an automatic system that can solve the Location Determination Problem under difficult viewing.
Abstract: A new paradigm, Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC), for fitting a model to experimental data is introduced. RANSAC is capable of interpreting/smoothing data containing a significant percentage of gross errors, and is thus ideally suited for applications in automated image analysis where interpretation is based on the data provided by error-prone feature detectors. A major portion of this paper describes the application of RANSAC to the Location Determination Problem (LDP): Given an image depicting a set of landmarks with known locations, determine that point in space from which the image was obtained. In response to a RANSAC requirement, new results are derived on the minimum number of landmarks needed to obtain a solution, and algorithms are presented for computing these minimum-landmark solutions in closed form. These results provide the basis for an automatic system that can solve the LDP under difficult viewing

23,396 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper has designed a stand-alone, flexible C++ implementation that enables the evaluation of individual components and that can easily be extended to include new algorithms.
Abstract: Stereo matching is one of the most active research areas in computer vision. While a large number of algorithms for stereo correspondence have been developed, relatively little work has been done on characterizing their performance. In this paper, we present a taxonomy of dense, two-frame stereo methods designed to assess the different components and design decisions made in individual stereo algorithms. Using this taxonomy, we compare existing stereo methods and present experiments evaluating the performance of many different variants. In order to establish a common software platform and a collection of data sets for easy evaluation, we have designed a stand-alone, flexible C++ implementation that enables the evaluation of individual components and that can be easily extended to include new algorithms. We have also produced several new multiframe stereo data sets with ground truth, and are making both the code and data sets available on the Web.

7,458 citations


"Automatic reconstruction of as-buil..." refers background in this paper

  • ...In other fields, such as computer vision, standard test sets and performance metrics have been established [72,83], but no standard evaluation metrics have been established for as-built BIM creation as yet....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recognition-by-components (RBC) provides a principled account of the heretofore undecided relation between the classic principles of perceptual organization and pattern recognition.
Abstract: The perceptual recognition of objects is conceptualized to be a process in which the image of the input is segmented at regions of deep concavity into an arrangement of simple geometric components, such as blocks, cylinders, wedges, and cones. The fundamental assumption of the proposed theory, recognition-by-components (RBC), is that a modest set of generalized-cone components, called geons (N £ 36), can be derived from contrasts of five readily detectable properties of edges in a two-dimensiona l image: curvature, collinearity, symmetry, parallelism, and cotermination. The detection of these properties is generally invariant over viewing position an$ image quality and consequently allows robust object perception when the image is projected from a novel viewpoint or is degraded. RBC thus provides a principled account of the heretofore undecided relation between the classic principles of perceptual organization and pattern recognition: The constraints toward regularization (Pragnanz) characterize not the complete object but the object's components. Representational power derives from an allowance of free combinations of the geons. A Principle of Componential Recovery can account for the major phenomena of object recognition: If an arrangement of two or three geons can be recovered from the input, objects can be quickly recognized even when they are occluded, novel, rotated in depth, or extensively degraded. The results from experiments on the perception of briefly presented pictures by human observers provide empirical support for the theory. Any single object can project an infinity of image configurations to the retina. The orientation of the object to the viewer can vary continuously, each giving rise to a different two-dimensional projection. The object can be occluded by other objects or texture fields, as when viewed behind foliage. The object need not be presented as a full-colored textured image but instead can be a simplified line drawing. Moreover, the object can even be missing some of its parts or be a novel exemplar of its particular category. But it is only with rare exceptions that an image fails to be rapidly and readily classified, either as an instance of a familiar object category or as an instance that cannot be so classified (itself a form of classification).

5,464 citations


"Automatic reconstruction of as-buil..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Various researchers have proposed candidate sets of primitives, such as geons [9], superquadrics [3], and generalized cylinders [10]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two of the most critical requirements in support of producing reliable face-recognition systems are a large database of facial images and a testing procedure to evaluate systems.
Abstract: Two of the most critical requirements in support of producing reliable face-recognition systems are a large database of facial images and a testing procedure to evaluate systems. The Face Recognition Technology (FERET) program has addressed both issues through the FERET database of facial images and the establishment of the FERET tests. To date, 14,126 images from 1,199 individuals are included in the FERET database, which is divided into development and sequestered portions of the database. In September 1996, the FERET program administered the third in a series of FERET face-recognition tests. The primary objectives of the third test were to 1) assess the state of the art, 2) identify future areas of research, and 3) measure algorithm performance.

4,816 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1996
TL;DR: This paper presents a volumetric method for integrating range images that is able to integrate a large number of range images yielding seamless, high-detail models of up to 2.6 million triangles.
Abstract: A number of techniques have been developed for reconstructing surfaces by integrating groups of aligned range images. A desirable set of properties for such algorithms includes: incremental updating, representation of directional uncertainty, the ability to fill gaps in the reconstruction, and robustness in the presence of outliers. Prior algorithms possess subsets of these properties. In this paper, we present a volumetric method for integrating range images that possesses all of these properties. Our volumetric representation consists of a cumulative weighted signed distance function. Working with one range image at a time, we first scan-convert it to a distance function, then combine this with the data already acquired using a simple additive scheme. To achieve space efficiency, we employ a run-length encoding of the volume. To achieve time efficiency, we resample the range image to align with the voxel grid and traverse the range and voxel scanlines synchronously. We generate the final manifold by extracting an isosurface from the volumetric grid. We show that under certain assumptions, this isosurface is optimal in the least squares sense. To fill gaps in the model, we tessellate over the boundaries between regions seen to be empty and regions never observed. Using this method, we are able to integrate a large number of range images (as many as 70) yielding seamless, high-detail models of up to 2.6 million triangles.

3,282 citations


"Automatic reconstruction of as-buil..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Non-parametric geometricmodeling reconstructs a surface, typically in the formof a triangle mesh [41], or a volume [18]....

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