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Journal ArticleDOI

Automatic reconstruction of as-built building information models from laser-scanned point clouds: A review of related techniques

TL;DR: This article surveys techniques developed in civil engineering and computer science that can be utilized to automate the process of creating as-built BIMs and outlines the main methods used by these algorithms for representing knowledge about shape, identity, and relationships.
About: This article is published in Automation in Construction.The article was published on 2010-11-01. It has received 789 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Information model & Computer Aided Design.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present sample case studies of the 2D and 3D representation of the test object, showing the discrepancy between the breaking points in the drawing (model), and the curved surface of the point cloud.
Abstract: The edge effect is a measurement error resulting from the reflection of the laser beam on the adjacent walls, or by its breaking on the edges. Coordinates of points in such cases are determined by averaging the measurements in several areas, resulting in their incorrect positioning in space. Corner points are determined with the same accuracy as the other (flat) elements of the scanned object. This effect is frequently mentioned in publications, which typically state the reasons and mechanisms of the error thus occurred. However, there is a lack of specific examples, showing the impact of the edge effect on the quality and accuracy of geodetic and cartographic reports. In this paper, the authors present sample case studies of the 2D and 3D representation of the test object. The selected corner elements, as well as the vector elements fitted into a cloud of points, show the discrepancy between the breaking points in the drawing (model), and the curved surface of the point cloud. On the basis of the known geometry of the building, distances were determined between the corner points and their representatives on the cloud. In this way, we were able to determine the accuracy of corner points’ presentation by means of the cloud of points, and therefore, we were able to determine the size of the edge effect in specific cases.

3 citations


Cites background from "Automatic reconstruction of as-buil..."

  • ...In their breaking points and discontinuities, outlines are drafted, representing the edges of the object [Tang et al. 2010]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The key advantage of the proposed evaluation model, such as the capability of providing local point cloud precision of building or other architecture approximately plane, is outlined.
Abstract: A terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) measures individual point with a precision in the order of millimeters. The evaluation of point cloud precision, although directly affecting the application of TLS like the precision of deformation extraction and digital elevation model (DEM) reconstruction, is still not well understood. Point cloud precision is different from individual point precision, which was influenced by positional error and the adjacent error spaces. This paper is focused on a new evaluation model of point cloud precision based on the point cloud error ellipsoid. The kernel of this model is the computation of the overlap of adjacent error ellipsoid and the determination of functional relationship between average error ellipsoid volume and point cloud accuracy. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the evaluation model of point cloud precision is discussed with a validation experiment. This paper briefly outlines the key advantage of the proposed evaluation model, such as the capability of providing local point cloud precision of building or other architecture approximately plane.

3 citations


Cites background from "Automatic reconstruction of as-buil..."

  • ...2012), as-built surveys (Tang et al. 2010), documentation (Grussenmeyer et al....

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  • ...…laser scanner (TLS) is a wellknown device applied in various fields, such as geology (Armesto et al. 2009; Feng et al. 2012), as-built surveys (Tang et al. 2010), documentation (Grussenmeyer et al. 2011), deformation analyses (Bitelli et al. 2004), monitoring techniques (Golparvar-Fard et al.…...

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Dissertation
01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: This chapter is intended to provide a history of the city and its people, as well as some of the myths and legends that have been passed down through the ages.
Abstract: ........................................................................................................................... xv Chapter

3 citations


Cites background or methods from "Automatic reconstruction of as-buil..."

  • ...Building information models (BIMs) contain rich geometric properties and spatial relations of various building entities (Tang et al. 2010) and can play an important role in different project stages, including design, construction, and maintenance phases (Azhar 2011; Hardin and McCool 2015)....

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  • ...Building information models (BIMs) contain rich geometric properties and spatial relations of various building entities (Tang et al. 2010) and can play an important role in different project stages, including design, construction, and maintenance phases (Azhar 2011; Hardin and McCool 2015)....

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  • ...Before drones were used for collecting data for 3D reconstruction, airborne or terrestrial laser scanners (Tang et al. 2010; Xiao et al. 2015) have been widely used for 3D building model generation....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
17 Jun 2014
TL;DR: A detailed case study aimed at leveraging existing data sources (e.g., archived documents and data in FM systems) to generate accurate and semantically-rich as-is BIMs.
Abstract: Nowadays, facility management (FM) teams are facing challenges to generate accurate and semantically-rich as-is BIMs for existing buildings. Current model creation approaches, such as model generation based on point cloud data, mainly capture geometric information of a building and lack to provide additional semantic information about components and other project information. This paper provides the results of a detailed case study that aimed at leveraging existing data sources (e.g., archived documents and data in FM systems) to generate accurate and semanticallyrich as-is BIMs. The initial findings from the case study highlighted two main challenges associated with model generation from existing data sources: information extraction and integration. Existing information for different components is typically stored in heterogeneous data sources with various formats and quality, and hence requires different approaches to extract information. The findings also showed that almost 40% of the component attributes investigated had conflicting values in existing sources. In order to address these challenges, formalized approaches are required to support conflict resolution, data extraction and integration.

3 citations


Cites background or methods from "Automatic reconstruction of as-buil..."

  • ...…phases in current practice, building owners and facilities management (FM) groups are leading an effort to the emerging concept of BIM for FM, and there is a significant need for an approach to support rapid BIM generation for existing buildings (Tang et al. 2010; McGraw-Hill Construction 2012)....

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  • ...Although BIM is mainly used in design and construction phases in current practice, building owners and facilities management (FM) groups are leading an effort to the emerging concept of BIM for FM, and there is a significant need for an approach to support rapid BIM generation for existing buildings (Tang et al. 2010; McGraw-Hill Construction 2012)....

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Dissertation
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: This research resulted in an efficient solution in developing “Scan-As-Built BIM-AR” integrated workflow that Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operation (AECO) industries’ practitioners can use to consolidate, optimize and visualize their models in a real-time AR environment.
Abstract: Building Information Modeling (BIM) is becoming increasingly popular in architectural documentation processes in which various stakeholders share data through consistent digital models, keeping workflow up to date to maximize reliability and quality throughout the construction cycle. Most of the constructed buildings might not be built as-designed exactly and 2D drawings are not functional to aid facility managers, viral reliance is on the traditional method to develop as-built drawings leads to greater need of developing accurate and functional 3D as-built BIM through smart workflow. 3D laser scanners are rarely used in construction industry and rarely integrated and practiced with BIM. Moreover, due to less efforts exploring the integration of the digital virtual BIM on site activities, it is predicted that Augmented Reality (AR) can fulfill this vision effectively through visualizing BIM right into the reality. However, some research studies developed workflows using 3D laser scanner to come up with 3D model, as well as workflows to adopt the 3D model into AR platforms separately. Therefore, the aim of this research is to integrate “Scan-BIM” workflow with “BIM-AR” workflow developing newly single integrated workflow. This qualitative case study investigates the current practice of as-built data development based on interviews and practice a modem method of 3D as-built BIM development through an experiment. In this study the integration between SCENE, Revit and Unity3D softwares supported with some extension softwares unveiled the possibility of integrating laser scanning, as-built BIM and AR. This research resulted in an efficient solution in developing “Scan-As-Built BIM-AR” integrated workflow that Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operation (AECO) industries’ practitioners can use to consolidate, optimize and visualize their models in a real-time AR environment.

3 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: New results are derived on the minimum number of landmarks needed to obtain a solution, and algorithms are presented for computing these minimum-landmark solutions in closed form that provide the basis for an automatic system that can solve the Location Determination Problem under difficult viewing.
Abstract: A new paradigm, Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC), for fitting a model to experimental data is introduced. RANSAC is capable of interpreting/smoothing data containing a significant percentage of gross errors, and is thus ideally suited for applications in automated image analysis where interpretation is based on the data provided by error-prone feature detectors. A major portion of this paper describes the application of RANSAC to the Location Determination Problem (LDP): Given an image depicting a set of landmarks with known locations, determine that point in space from which the image was obtained. In response to a RANSAC requirement, new results are derived on the minimum number of landmarks needed to obtain a solution, and algorithms are presented for computing these minimum-landmark solutions in closed form. These results provide the basis for an automatic system that can solve the LDP under difficult viewing

23,396 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper has designed a stand-alone, flexible C++ implementation that enables the evaluation of individual components and that can easily be extended to include new algorithms.
Abstract: Stereo matching is one of the most active research areas in computer vision. While a large number of algorithms for stereo correspondence have been developed, relatively little work has been done on characterizing their performance. In this paper, we present a taxonomy of dense, two-frame stereo methods designed to assess the different components and design decisions made in individual stereo algorithms. Using this taxonomy, we compare existing stereo methods and present experiments evaluating the performance of many different variants. In order to establish a common software platform and a collection of data sets for easy evaluation, we have designed a stand-alone, flexible C++ implementation that enables the evaluation of individual components and that can be easily extended to include new algorithms. We have also produced several new multiframe stereo data sets with ground truth, and are making both the code and data sets available on the Web.

7,458 citations


"Automatic reconstruction of as-buil..." refers background in this paper

  • ...In other fields, such as computer vision, standard test sets and performance metrics have been established [72,83], but no standard evaluation metrics have been established for as-built BIM creation as yet....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recognition-by-components (RBC) provides a principled account of the heretofore undecided relation between the classic principles of perceptual organization and pattern recognition.
Abstract: The perceptual recognition of objects is conceptualized to be a process in which the image of the input is segmented at regions of deep concavity into an arrangement of simple geometric components, such as blocks, cylinders, wedges, and cones. The fundamental assumption of the proposed theory, recognition-by-components (RBC), is that a modest set of generalized-cone components, called geons (N £ 36), can be derived from contrasts of five readily detectable properties of edges in a two-dimensiona l image: curvature, collinearity, symmetry, parallelism, and cotermination. The detection of these properties is generally invariant over viewing position an$ image quality and consequently allows robust object perception when the image is projected from a novel viewpoint or is degraded. RBC thus provides a principled account of the heretofore undecided relation between the classic principles of perceptual organization and pattern recognition: The constraints toward regularization (Pragnanz) characterize not the complete object but the object's components. Representational power derives from an allowance of free combinations of the geons. A Principle of Componential Recovery can account for the major phenomena of object recognition: If an arrangement of two or three geons can be recovered from the input, objects can be quickly recognized even when they are occluded, novel, rotated in depth, or extensively degraded. The results from experiments on the perception of briefly presented pictures by human observers provide empirical support for the theory. Any single object can project an infinity of image configurations to the retina. The orientation of the object to the viewer can vary continuously, each giving rise to a different two-dimensional projection. The object can be occluded by other objects or texture fields, as when viewed behind foliage. The object need not be presented as a full-colored textured image but instead can be a simplified line drawing. Moreover, the object can even be missing some of its parts or be a novel exemplar of its particular category. But it is only with rare exceptions that an image fails to be rapidly and readily classified, either as an instance of a familiar object category or as an instance that cannot be so classified (itself a form of classification).

5,464 citations


"Automatic reconstruction of as-buil..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Various researchers have proposed candidate sets of primitives, such as geons [9], superquadrics [3], and generalized cylinders [10]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two of the most critical requirements in support of producing reliable face-recognition systems are a large database of facial images and a testing procedure to evaluate systems.
Abstract: Two of the most critical requirements in support of producing reliable face-recognition systems are a large database of facial images and a testing procedure to evaluate systems. The Face Recognition Technology (FERET) program has addressed both issues through the FERET database of facial images and the establishment of the FERET tests. To date, 14,126 images from 1,199 individuals are included in the FERET database, which is divided into development and sequestered portions of the database. In September 1996, the FERET program administered the third in a series of FERET face-recognition tests. The primary objectives of the third test were to 1) assess the state of the art, 2) identify future areas of research, and 3) measure algorithm performance.

4,816 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1996
TL;DR: This paper presents a volumetric method for integrating range images that is able to integrate a large number of range images yielding seamless, high-detail models of up to 2.6 million triangles.
Abstract: A number of techniques have been developed for reconstructing surfaces by integrating groups of aligned range images. A desirable set of properties for such algorithms includes: incremental updating, representation of directional uncertainty, the ability to fill gaps in the reconstruction, and robustness in the presence of outliers. Prior algorithms possess subsets of these properties. In this paper, we present a volumetric method for integrating range images that possesses all of these properties. Our volumetric representation consists of a cumulative weighted signed distance function. Working with one range image at a time, we first scan-convert it to a distance function, then combine this with the data already acquired using a simple additive scheme. To achieve space efficiency, we employ a run-length encoding of the volume. To achieve time efficiency, we resample the range image to align with the voxel grid and traverse the range and voxel scanlines synchronously. We generate the final manifold by extracting an isosurface from the volumetric grid. We show that under certain assumptions, this isosurface is optimal in the least squares sense. To fill gaps in the model, we tessellate over the boundaries between regions seen to be empty and regions never observed. Using this method, we are able to integrate a large number of range images (as many as 70) yielding seamless, high-detail models of up to 2.6 million triangles.

3,282 citations


"Automatic reconstruction of as-buil..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Non-parametric geometricmodeling reconstructs a surface, typically in the formof a triangle mesh [41], or a volume [18]....

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