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Journal ArticleDOI

Automatic reconstruction of as-built building information models from laser-scanned point clouds: A review of related techniques

TL;DR: This article surveys techniques developed in civil engineering and computer science that can be utilized to automate the process of creating as-built BIMs and outlines the main methods used by these algorithms for representing knowledge about shape, identity, and relationships.
About: This article is published in Automation in Construction.The article was published on 2010-11-01. It has received 789 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Information model & Computer Aided Design.
Citations
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Dissertation
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: In this article, a case study of a cooling plant in Qatar was conducted to understand COBIE data structure and characteristics, and to test the proposed point cloud processing approach on field data.
Abstract: Laser Scanning for Facility Management is becoming more popular, and current efforts to integrate laser scanning, Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Construction Operations Building information exchange (COBie) tend to focus on creating a BIM first. Since this can be a very cumbersome and repetitive task, this research explores the possibility to completely omit BIM reconstruction and proposes a systematic approach to obtain COBie data directly from laser scans. The method used in this research is an explorative design for a representative case study, which relies on a qualitative foundation provided by literature. Previous studies indicate that data from laser scans (point clouds) do not have semantic structure and corresponding data-driven approaches are limited to knowledge representations about shapes if no prior model libraries or ontologies are available. An in-depth case study of a Cooling Plant in Qatar was conducted to understand COBie’s data structure and characteristics, and to test the proposed point cloud processing approach on field data. Analysis shows that COBie mainly relies on identities of objects and spaces and the relationship between them, and is lacking definitions for geometry. Contrary to the expectations from literature and analysis of COBie in the case study, the findings after using our approach show that it is possible to obtain COBie directly from point clouds even due its difference in knowledge representations. By using a corresponding as-built BIM as reference, these findings were validated and discussed. Since the research scope was narrowed down to shape knowledge representations, several suggestions for further research are presented in order to fully explore the potential that point clouds can offer. Summarizing, the main contributions of this research are: (1) it discovers and substantiates the state-of-art advances in point cloud processing, (2) uses the COBie standard as foundation for proposing a straightforward processing method and (3) it extends existing bodies of knowledge in the field and provides useful stepping stones for further research.

2 citations


Cites background or methods from "Automatic reconstruction of as-buil..."

  • ...The resulting set of data points, or point cloud, represents spatial information but is semantically unstructured and needs further processing [3]....

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  • ...These techniques are used in domain-specific applications such as Scan-toBIM [3, 27-29] and 3D City Reconstruction from aerial laser scanning [30, 31]....

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  • ...According to literature, Data-driven approaches as described by [19], inherently limits point cloud processing to knowledge representations of shapes, since no knowledge representations about identities and relations by libraries or ontologies as described by [3] and [11] are available....

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  • ...Consequently, our work relies on methods for Scene Segmentation [25, 33, 35] and Object Recognition [3, 31, 37, 41, 43] for indoor point clouds....

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  • ...8 effectively process the point cloud data [3, 21, 22]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors discuss the shortcomings of current indoor navigation solutions and offer an alternative approach based on augmented reality and ARCore, which brings augmented reality to your smartphone or tablet.
Abstract: People have always relied on some form of instrument to assist them to get to their destination, from hand-drawn maps and compasses to technology-based navigation systems. Many individuals these days have a smartphone with them at all times, making it a common part of their routine. Using GPS technology, these cellphones offer applications such as Google Maps that let people find their way around the outside world. Indoor navigation, on the other hand, does not offer the same level of precision. The development of indoor navigation systems is continuously ongoing. Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, RFID, and computer vision are some of the existing technologies used for interior navigation in current systems. In this article, we discuss the shortcomings of current indoor navigation solutions and offer an alternative approach based on augmented reality and ARCore. Navigating an indoor environment is made easier with ARCore, which brings augmented reality to your smartphone or tablet.

2 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 2019
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reveal the peculiarities and degree of BIM diffusion in developed and developing countries with the focus on case of Armenia, using literature review and questionnaire based survey among Industry companies of Armenia.
Abstract: The progressive penetration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) into the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) Industry varies in pace and profoundness from country to country depending on level of country development, industry maturity, scale of penetration, willingness of adoption in the institutional and political levels. This article is an attempt to reveal peculiarities and degree of BIM diffusion in developed and developing countries with the focus on case of Armenia. As methods of research was chosen literature review and questionnaire based survey among Industry companies of Armenia. Data collected using interviews and questionnaire surveys among construction and architectural enterprises, managers, owners, NGOs and regulating bodies of AEC industry were analysed. The development directions of the BIM implementation, industry efficiency enhancement issues, BIM related scientific research areas and more were reflected in structured study for Armenia.

2 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new method is proposed for estimation of lower bounds for the magnitudes of as-built deviations against the as-designed Building Information Model (BIM) given a single spherical panoramic image of the scene.

2 citations

Book Chapter
29 Oct 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, an initial best-guess for the new locations of the facade structural elements is generated, which serves as the seed for a recursive process in which the location and damage to each object are refined in turn.
Abstract: After an earthquake, Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) can capture point clouds of the damaged state of building facades rapidly, remotely and accurately. A long-term research effort aims to develop applications that can reconstruct ‘as-damaged’ BIM models of reinforced concrete (RC) framed buildings based on ‘as-built’ BIMs and scans of ‘asdamaged’ states. This paper focuses on a crucial step: generating an initial ‘best-guess’ for the new locations of the facade structural elements. The result serves as the seed for a recursive process in which the location and damage to each object is refined in turn. Mapping the ‘as-built’ BIM frame into the ‘as-damaged’ scan is challenging because each element may have different displacement and damage. The algorithm exploits the topology of RC frames to perform initial mapping of the structural grid onto the damaged facade. The approach was tested on a synthetic dataset prepared from a real earthquake-damaged building. Although successful, it has yet to be tested on other damaged buildings.

2 citations


Cites methods from "Automatic reconstruction of as-buil..."

  • ...The Scan-to-BIM process has been demonstrated in some simple examples (Tang et al., 2010; Xiong et al., 2013), but it is still not considered to be a solved problem, because the scan only contains the geometry information, and automated compilation of a semantically rich BIM solely from the…...

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  • ...The Scan-to-BIM process has been demonstrated in some simple examples (Tang et al., 2010; Xiong et al., 2013), but it is still not considered to be a solved problem, because the scan only contains the geometry information, and automated compilation of a semantically rich BIM solely from the graphical model is very challenging....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: New results are derived on the minimum number of landmarks needed to obtain a solution, and algorithms are presented for computing these minimum-landmark solutions in closed form that provide the basis for an automatic system that can solve the Location Determination Problem under difficult viewing.
Abstract: A new paradigm, Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC), for fitting a model to experimental data is introduced. RANSAC is capable of interpreting/smoothing data containing a significant percentage of gross errors, and is thus ideally suited for applications in automated image analysis where interpretation is based on the data provided by error-prone feature detectors. A major portion of this paper describes the application of RANSAC to the Location Determination Problem (LDP): Given an image depicting a set of landmarks with known locations, determine that point in space from which the image was obtained. In response to a RANSAC requirement, new results are derived on the minimum number of landmarks needed to obtain a solution, and algorithms are presented for computing these minimum-landmark solutions in closed form. These results provide the basis for an automatic system that can solve the LDP under difficult viewing

23,396 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper has designed a stand-alone, flexible C++ implementation that enables the evaluation of individual components and that can easily be extended to include new algorithms.
Abstract: Stereo matching is one of the most active research areas in computer vision. While a large number of algorithms for stereo correspondence have been developed, relatively little work has been done on characterizing their performance. In this paper, we present a taxonomy of dense, two-frame stereo methods designed to assess the different components and design decisions made in individual stereo algorithms. Using this taxonomy, we compare existing stereo methods and present experiments evaluating the performance of many different variants. In order to establish a common software platform and a collection of data sets for easy evaluation, we have designed a stand-alone, flexible C++ implementation that enables the evaluation of individual components and that can be easily extended to include new algorithms. We have also produced several new multiframe stereo data sets with ground truth, and are making both the code and data sets available on the Web.

7,458 citations


"Automatic reconstruction of as-buil..." refers background in this paper

  • ...In other fields, such as computer vision, standard test sets and performance metrics have been established [72,83], but no standard evaluation metrics have been established for as-built BIM creation as yet....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recognition-by-components (RBC) provides a principled account of the heretofore undecided relation between the classic principles of perceptual organization and pattern recognition.
Abstract: The perceptual recognition of objects is conceptualized to be a process in which the image of the input is segmented at regions of deep concavity into an arrangement of simple geometric components, such as blocks, cylinders, wedges, and cones. The fundamental assumption of the proposed theory, recognition-by-components (RBC), is that a modest set of generalized-cone components, called geons (N £ 36), can be derived from contrasts of five readily detectable properties of edges in a two-dimensiona l image: curvature, collinearity, symmetry, parallelism, and cotermination. The detection of these properties is generally invariant over viewing position an$ image quality and consequently allows robust object perception when the image is projected from a novel viewpoint or is degraded. RBC thus provides a principled account of the heretofore undecided relation between the classic principles of perceptual organization and pattern recognition: The constraints toward regularization (Pragnanz) characterize not the complete object but the object's components. Representational power derives from an allowance of free combinations of the geons. A Principle of Componential Recovery can account for the major phenomena of object recognition: If an arrangement of two or three geons can be recovered from the input, objects can be quickly recognized even when they are occluded, novel, rotated in depth, or extensively degraded. The results from experiments on the perception of briefly presented pictures by human observers provide empirical support for the theory. Any single object can project an infinity of image configurations to the retina. The orientation of the object to the viewer can vary continuously, each giving rise to a different two-dimensional projection. The object can be occluded by other objects or texture fields, as when viewed behind foliage. The object need not be presented as a full-colored textured image but instead can be a simplified line drawing. Moreover, the object can even be missing some of its parts or be a novel exemplar of its particular category. But it is only with rare exceptions that an image fails to be rapidly and readily classified, either as an instance of a familiar object category or as an instance that cannot be so classified (itself a form of classification).

5,464 citations


"Automatic reconstruction of as-buil..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Various researchers have proposed candidate sets of primitives, such as geons [9], superquadrics [3], and generalized cylinders [10]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two of the most critical requirements in support of producing reliable face-recognition systems are a large database of facial images and a testing procedure to evaluate systems.
Abstract: Two of the most critical requirements in support of producing reliable face-recognition systems are a large database of facial images and a testing procedure to evaluate systems. The Face Recognition Technology (FERET) program has addressed both issues through the FERET database of facial images and the establishment of the FERET tests. To date, 14,126 images from 1,199 individuals are included in the FERET database, which is divided into development and sequestered portions of the database. In September 1996, the FERET program administered the third in a series of FERET face-recognition tests. The primary objectives of the third test were to 1) assess the state of the art, 2) identify future areas of research, and 3) measure algorithm performance.

4,816 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1996
TL;DR: This paper presents a volumetric method for integrating range images that is able to integrate a large number of range images yielding seamless, high-detail models of up to 2.6 million triangles.
Abstract: A number of techniques have been developed for reconstructing surfaces by integrating groups of aligned range images. A desirable set of properties for such algorithms includes: incremental updating, representation of directional uncertainty, the ability to fill gaps in the reconstruction, and robustness in the presence of outliers. Prior algorithms possess subsets of these properties. In this paper, we present a volumetric method for integrating range images that possesses all of these properties. Our volumetric representation consists of a cumulative weighted signed distance function. Working with one range image at a time, we first scan-convert it to a distance function, then combine this with the data already acquired using a simple additive scheme. To achieve space efficiency, we employ a run-length encoding of the volume. To achieve time efficiency, we resample the range image to align with the voxel grid and traverse the range and voxel scanlines synchronously. We generate the final manifold by extracting an isosurface from the volumetric grid. We show that under certain assumptions, this isosurface is optimal in the least squares sense. To fill gaps in the model, we tessellate over the boundaries between regions seen to be empty and regions never observed. Using this method, we are able to integrate a large number of range images (as many as 70) yielding seamless, high-detail models of up to 2.6 million triangles.

3,282 citations


"Automatic reconstruction of as-buil..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Non-parametric geometricmodeling reconstructs a surface, typically in the formof a triangle mesh [41], or a volume [18]....

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